Occupational segregation

Date and country of first publication^[1]

1975
Canada

Definition

Occupational segregation refers to the unequal distribution of individuals from different demographic groups, such as gender, race, or ethnicity, across different occupations or industries. This phenomenon can occur due to various factors, such as discrimination, social norms, cultural biases, and educational opportunities.

Occupational segregation can have negative effects on individuals and society as a whole. It can lead to disparities in income and opportunities, contribute to gender and racial wage gaps, limit career advancement for marginalized groups, and perpetuate inequality in the workforce.

Efforts to address occupational segregation include promoting diversity and inclusion in the workplace, implementing non-discriminatory hiring practices, providing equal access to education and training programs, and advocating for policies that support equal opportunities for all individuals.

Synonyms

The following terms are synonymous with:

occupation segregation.

References and literature addressing this segregation form under these synonymous terms can be found below.

Related segregation forms

Occupational segregation is frequently discussed in the literature with the following segregation forms:

gender segregation, social segregation, racial segregation, occupational sex segregation, residential segregation, sex segregation, occupational gender segregation, industrial segregation, ethnic segregation, school segregation, immigrant occupational segregation, labor market segregation

Visualization based on the research

For the complete network of associated segregation forms, see:

First year of publication https://tinyurl.com/2235lkhw

Louvain clusters https://tinyurl.com/2d8wg5n3

Betweenness centrality https://tinyurl.com/223udk5r

Disciplines where segregation forms first appeared https://tinyurl.com/244d8unz

References

Notes

↑ Date and country of first publication as informed by the Scopus database (December 2023).

At its current state, this definition has been generated by a Large Language Model (LLM) so far without review by an independent researcher or a member of the curating team of segregation experts that keep the Segregation Wiki online. While we strive for accuracy, we cannot guarantee its reliability, completeness and timeliness. Please use this content with caution and verify information as needed. Also, feel free to improve on the definition as you see fit, including the use of references and other informational resources. We value your input in enhancing the quality and accuracy of the definitions of segregation forms collectively offered in the Segregation Wiki ©.

Occupational segregation appears in the following literature

ARMSTRONG H., ARMSTRONG P. (1975). The segregated participation of women in the Canadian labour force, 1941 71. Canadian Review of Sociology/Revue canadienne de sociologie, 12(4), 370-384. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1755-618X.1975.tb00544.x

Fottler M.D. (1976). Attitudes of female nurses toward the male nurse: A study of occupational segregation. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 17(2), 98-110. https://doi.org/10.2307/2136336

Bielby W.T. (1977). Women and the workplace: The implications of occupational segregation. Social Forces, 56(1), 287-. https://doi.org/10.1093/sf/56.1.287

Wolf W.C., Rosenfeld R. (1978). Sex structure of occupations and job mobility. Social Forces, 56(3), 823-844. https://doi.org/10.1093/sf/56.3.823

Goldin C. (198). The Work and Wages of Single Women, 1870 to 1920. The Journal of Economic History, 40(1), 81-88. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022050700104565

Niemi B.T. (198). Occupational segregation and differential unemployment by sex. Atlantic Economic Journal, 8(2), 107-. Kluwer Academic Publishers.https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02299877

Morgan B.S. (198). Metropolitan area characteristics and occupational segregation ( USA).. Transactions, Institute of British Geographers, 5(2), 174-184. https://doi.org/

Morgan B.S. (198). Occupational segregation in metropolitan areas in the United States, 1970.. Urban Studies, 17(1), 63-69. https://doi.org/10.1080/00420988020080071

Rogers D.L., Goudy W.J. (1981). Community structure and occupational segregation 1960 and 1970.. Rural Sociology, 46(6), 263-281. https://doi.org/

Matthies S.A. (1982). Families at Work: An Analysis by Sex of Child Workers in the Cotton Textile Industry. The Journal of Economic History, 42(1), 173-180. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022050700027042

HAIG B.D. (1982). Sex Discrimination in the Reward for Skills and Experience in the Australian Labour Force. Economic Record, 58(1), 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-4932.1982.tb00344.x

Jones F.L. (1983). Sources of Gender Inequality in Income: What the Australian Census Says. Social Forces, 62(1), 134-152. Oxford University Press.https://doi.org/10.1093/sf/62.1.134

Smith D.F. (1983). Occupational segregation amongst white collar workers in New Zealand*. New Zealand Economic Papers, 17(1), 37-49. https://doi.org/10.1080/00779958309544063

Semyonov M. (1983). Community characteristics, female employment and occupational segregation: small towns in a rural state ( Nebraska).. Rural Sociology, 48(1), 104-119. https://doi.org/

Ferraro G.A. (1984). Bridging the wage gap: Pay equity and job evaluations. American Psychologist, 39(10), 1166-1170. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.39.10.1166

Bohen H.H. (1984). Gender Equality in Work and Family: An Elusive Goal. Journal of Family Issues, 5(2), 254-272. https://doi.org/10.1177/019251384005002007

Power M.J. (1985). John Stow and his London. Journal of Historical Geography, 11(1), 1-20. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0305-7488(85)80031-1

LEWIS D.E. (1985). The Sources of Changes in the Occupational Segregation of Australian Women. Economic Record, 61(4), 719-736. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-4932.1985.tb02028.x

Hanson S., Johnston I. (1985). Gender differences in work trip length: Explanations and implications. Urban Geography, 6(3), 193-219. https://doi.org/10.2747/0272-3638.6.3.193

Schneider B.E. (1985). Approaches, assaults, attractions, affairs: Policy implications of the sexualization of the workplace. Population Research and Policy Review, 4(2), 93-113. Kluwer Academic Publishers.https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00127546

Carter S.B. (1986). Occupational Segregation, Teachers' Wages, and American Economic Growth. The Journal of Economic History, 46(2), 373-383. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022050700046192

Lewis D.E., Shorten B. (1986). Earnings differentials and occupational segregation by gender. A simultaneous equations approach. Economics Letters, 21(2), 199-201. https://doi.org/10.1016/0165-1765(86)90065-0

Allen D.G. (1986). Professionalism, occupational segregation by gender and control of nursing. Women and Politics, 6(3), 1-24. https://doi.org/10.1300/J014v06n03_01

Steinberg R. (1987). Radical challenges in a liberal world: The Mixed Success of Comparable Worth. Gender & Society, 1(4), 466-475. https://doi.org/10.1177/089124387001004008

Carroll W.K. (1987). Which women are more proletarianized? Gender, class and occupation in Canada. Canadian Review of Sociology/Revue canadienne de sociologie, 24(4), 571-585. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1755-618X.1987.tb00644.x

Butler R.J. (1987). New indices of segregation. Economics Letters, 24(4), 359-362. https://doi.org/10.1016/0165-1765(87)90072-3

Connor P.J., Kemp A.A. (1987). Gender differences in labor market wages: A comparison of industrial sector effects and a decomposition within four occupations. The Social Science Journal, 24(4), 429-442. https://doi.org/10.1016/0362-3319(87)90058-9

Szelenyi I. (1987). Housing inequalities and occupational segregation in state socialist cities: commentary to the special issue of IJURR on east European cities. International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, 11(1), 1-8. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2427.1987.tb00031.x

Polachek S.W. (1987). Occupational segregation and the gender wage gap. Population Research and Policy Review, 6(1), 47-67. Kluwer Academic Publishers.https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00124802

Reeves J.B. (1987). Work and family roles: Contemporary women in indonesia. Sociological Spectrum, 7(3), 223-242. https://doi.org/10.1080/02732173.1987.9981820

Brosnan P. (1987). Maori Occupational Segregation. Journal of Sociology, 23(1), 89-103. https://doi.org/10.1177/144078338702300106

Pratt G., Hanson S. (1988). Gender, class, and space. Environment & Planning D: Society & Space, 6(1), 15-35. https://doi.org/10.1068/d060015

Hachen Jr. D.S. (1988). Gender differences in job mobility rates in the united states. Social Science Research, 17(2), 93-116. https://doi.org/10.1016/0049-089X(88)90001-4

Gwartney-Gibbs P.A. (1988). Sex Segregation in the Paid Workforce: The New Zealand Case. Journal of Sociology, 24(2), 264-278. https://doi.org/10.1177/144078338802400205

Webb J., Liff S. (1988). Play the white man: the social construction of fairness and competition in equal opportunity policies. The Sociological Review, 36(3), 532-551. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-954X.1988.tb02928.x

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Johnston-Anumonwo I. (1988). The journey to work and occupational segregation. Urban Geography, 9(2), 138-154. https://doi.org/10.2747/0272-3638.9.2.138

Perman L., Stevens B. (1989). Industrial segregation and the gender distribution of fringe benefits. Gender & Society, 3(3), 388-404. https://doi.org/10.1177/089124389003003007

Peterson R.R. (1989). Firm size, occupational segregation, and the effects of family status on women’s wages. Social Forces, 68(2), 397-414. https://doi.org/10.1093/sf/68.2.397

Cox D., Nye J.V. (1989). Male Female Wage Discrimination in Nineteenth Century France. The Journal of Economic History, 49(4), 903-920. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022050700009499

Olzak S.D. (1989). Causes of shifts in occupational segregation of the foreign born: Evidence from american cities, 1870 1880. Social Forces, 68(2), 593-620. https://doi.org/10.1093/sf/68.2.593

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Silber J.G. (1989). On the measurement of employment segregation. Economics Letters, 30(3), 237-243. https://doi.org/10.1016/0165-1765(89)90233-4

Gabriel P.E., Schmitz S. (1989). The effect of occupational segregation on the relative earnings of black males. Economics Letters, 30(1), 77-83. https://doi.org/10.1016/0165-1765(89)90160-2

Van Mourik A., Poot J., Siegers J.J. (1989). Trends in occupational segregation of women and men in New Zealand: Some new evidence*. New Zealand Economic Papers, 23(1), 29-50. https://doi.org/10.1080/00779958909544145

Jacobs J.A. (1989). Long term trends in occupational segregation by sex. American Journal of Sociology, 95(1), 160-173. https://doi.org/10.1086/229217

Pratt G., Hanson S. (1989). Gender, class and urban space: the case of Worcester, Massachussets. Espace-Populations-Societes, 89(1), 15-26. https://doi.org/10.3406/espos.1989.1355

Glass J. (199). The Impact of Occupational Segregation on Working Conditions. Social Forces, 68(3), 779-796. https://doi.org/10.1093/sf/68.3.779

Boyd M. (199). Sex differences in occupational skill: Canada, 1961 1986. Canadian Review of Sociology/Revue canadienne de sociologie, 27(3), 285-315. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1755-618X.1990.tb00127.x

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Siltanen J. (199). Social Change and the Measurement of Occupational Segregation by Sex: An Assessment of the Sex Ratio Index. Work Employment & Society, 4(1), 1-29. https://doi.org/10.1177/0950017090004001002

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[1] Date and country of first publication as informed by the Scopus database (December 2023).

[1]

Date and country of first publication[1]