Occupational gender segregation

Date and country of first publication

1987
Canada

Definition

Occupational gender segregation refers to the concentration of men and women in different occupations or industries. It is the phenomenon where certain jobs are dominated by either men or women, resulting in a significant gender imbalance in the workforce.

Historically, occupational gender segregation has been prevalent and continues to persist in many societies. It is influenced by various factors such as societal gender norms, stereotypes, discrimination, and differences in education and training opportunities.

Some common examples of occupational gender segregation include:

1. Men being overrepresented in fields such as engineering, computer science, and construction, which are often associated with technical skills and physical strength.

2. Women being overrepresented in fields such as nursing, teaching, and administrative roles, which are often associated with caregiving, nurturing, and organizational skills.

The consequences of occupational gender segregation can be far-reaching. It can contribute to gender-based pay gaps, limit opportunities for career advancement and leadership roles for women, reinforce gender stereotypes, and perpetuate inequality in the workforce.

Efforts to address occupational gender segregation have included promoting equal access to education and training, challenging gender stereotypes, encouraging greater diversity and inclusion in traditionally male-dominated fields, and implementing policies to support work-life balance and parental leave for both men and women.

While progress has been made in reducing occupational gender segregation in some areas, it remains a significant issue in many countries, requiring ongoing efforts to achieve true gender equality in the workforce.

Synonyms

The following terms are synonymous with occupational gender segregation:

gender occupation segregation; gender occupational segregation; occupation gender segregation; occupations gender segregation.

References and literature addressing this segregation form under these synonymous terms can be found below.

Related segregation forms

Occupational gender segregation is frequently discussed in the literature with the following segregation forms:

occupational segregation, gender segregation, social segregation, vertical segregation, horizontal segregation, horizontal occupational segregation, occupational sex segregation

This visualization is based on the study The Multidisciplinary Landscape of Segregation Research.

For the complete network of interrelated segregation forms, please refer to:

• First year of publication

• Louvain clusters

• Betweenness centrality

• Disciplines in which segregation forms first emerged (Scopus database).

Notes

At its current state, this definition has been generated by a Large Language Model (LLM) so far without review by an independent researcher or a member of the curating team of segregation experts that keep the Segregation Wiki online. While we strive for accuracy, we cannot guarantee its reliability, completeness and timeliness. Please use this content with caution and verify information as needed. Also, feel free to improve on the definition as you see fit, including the use of references and other informational resources. We value your input in enhancing the quality and accuracy of the definitions of segregation forms collectively offered in the Segregation Wiki ©.

Occupational gender segregation appears in the following literature

FOX B.J., FOX J. (1987). Occupational gender segregation of the Canadian labour force, 1931 1981. Canadian Review of Sociology/Revue canadienne de sociologie, 24(3), 374-397. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1755-618X.1987.tb01102.x

Miller R.K., Jr. (1989). Segmentation and gender occupational segregation within an industrial labor market: The radio manufacturing industry in philadelphia, 1926 1935. Sociological Spectrum, 9(4), 403-424. https://doi.org/10.1080/02732173.1989.9981901

Siltanen J. (199). Social Change and the Measurement of Occupational Segregation by Sex: An Assessment of the Sex Ratio Index. Work Employment & Society, 4(1), 1-29. https://doi.org/10.1177/0950017090004001002

Williams R.M., Smith P.R. (199). What else do unions do?: Race and gender in local 35. The Review of Black Political Economy, 18(3), 59-74. Springer-Verlag.https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02717875

Glass J., Camarigg V. (1992). Gender, parenthood, and job family compatibility. American Journal of Sociology, 98(1), 131-151. https://doi.org/10.1086/229971

Blackburn R.M., Jarman J., Siltanen J. (1993). The analysis of occupational gender segregation over time and place: Considerations of measurement and some new evidence. Work Employment & Society, 7(3), 335-362. https://doi.org/10.1177/095001709373001

Adler M.A. (1993). GENDER DIFFERENCES IN JOB AUTONOMY: The Consequences of Occupational Segregation and Authority Position. Sociological Quarterly, 34(3), 449-465. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1533-8525.1993.tb00121.x

Cotter D.A., DeFiore J.M., Hermsen J.M., Kowalewski B.M., Vanneman R. (1995). Occupational Gender Desegregation in the 1980s. Work and Occupations, 22(1), 3-21. https://doi.org/10.1177/0730888495022001001

Cotter D.A., Defiore J.M., Hermsen J.M., Kowalewski B.M., Vanneman R. (1995). Occupational gender segregation and the earnings gap: Changes in the 1980s. Social Science Research, 24(4), 439-454. https://doi.org/10.1006/ssre.1995.1017

Purcell K. (1996). The relationship between career and job opportunities: women’s employment in the hospitality industry as a microcosm of women’s employment. Women in Management Review, 11(5), 17-24. https://doi.org/10.1108/09649429610122618

Watts M. (1997). Gender segregation in higher educational attainment in Australia 1978 94. Higher Education, 34(1), 45-61. Kluwer Academic Publishers.https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1003058121717

Meng X. (1998). Gender occupational segregation and its impact on the gender wage differential among rural urban migrants: A Chinese case study. Applied Economics, 30(6), 741-752. Routledge.https://doi.org/10.1080/000368498325444

Watts M. (1998). Occupational gender segregation: Index measurement and econometric modeling. Demography, 35(4), 489-496. Duke University Press.https://doi.org/10.2307/3004016

Semuonov M., Jones F.L. (1999). Dimensions of gender occupational differentiation in segregation and inequality: A cross national analysis. Social Indicators Research, 46(2), 225-247. Springer Netherlands.https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1006839220017

Preston J.A. (1999). Occupational gender segregation Trends and explanations. Quarterly Review of Economics and Finance, 39(5), 611-624. Elsevier.https://doi.org/10.1016/s1062-9769(99)00029-0

Panteli A., Stack J., Atkinson M., Ramsay H. (1999). The status of women in the UK it industry: An empirical study. European Journal of Information Systems, 8(3), 3-170. https://doi.org/10.1057/palgrave.ejis.3000326

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Rosenfeld R.A., Trappe H. (2002). Occupational sex segregation in state socialist and market economies: Levels, patterns, and change in East and West Germany, 1980s and 1998. Research in Social Stratification and Mobility, 19(C), 231-267. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0276-5624(02)80043-9

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Brooks B., Jarman J., Blackburn R.M. (2003). Occupational gender segregation in Canada, 1981 1996: Overall, vertical and horizontal segregation. Canadian Review of Sociology and Anthropology, 40(2), 197-213. Canadian Sociology and Anthropology Association.https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1755-618x.2003.tb00243.x

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Cotter D.A., Hermsen J.M., Vanneman R. (2003). The effects of occupational gender segregation across race. Sociological Quarterly, 44(1), 17-36. University of California Press.https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1533-8525.2003.tb02389.x

DeLeire T., Levy H. (2004). Worker sorting and the risk of death on the job. Journal of Labor Economics, 22(4), 925-953. https://doi.org/10.1086/423159

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Peter R., Hammarström A., Hallqvist J., Siegrist J., Theorell T. (2006). Does occupational gender segregation influence the association of effort reward imbalance with myocardial infarction in the SHEEP study?. International Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 13(1), 34-43. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327558ijbm1301_5

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Jurajda S., Harmgart H. (2007). When do female occupations pay more?. Journal of Comparative Economics, 35(1), 170-187. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jce.2006.09.001

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Sookram S., Strobl E. (2009). The role of educational choice in occupational gender segregation: Evidence from Trinidad and Tobago. Economics of Education Review, 28(1), 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.econedurev.2008.04.002

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