Vertical segregation

Date and country of first publication

1986
United Kingdom

Definition

Vertical segregation refers to the unequal distribution of power, status, and opportunities between different levels or positions within an organization or industry. It refers to the tendency for men and women to be concentrated in different types of jobs or positions, with men more likely to hold higher-ranking and more influential positions while women are more likely to be in lower-ranking and less influential roles. This form of segregation is often based on gender, but can also be influenced by factors such as race, ethnicity, age, or disability. Vertical segregation contributes to gender inequality and limits women's access to decision-making roles and leadership positions.

Related segregation forms

Vertical segregation is frequently discussed in the literature with the following segregation forms:

gender segregation, occupational segregation, horizontal segregation, occupational gender segregation, social segregation, residential segregation, sex segregation, occupational sex segregation, hierarchical segregation, urban segregation, ethnic segregation, class segregation

This visualization is based on the study The Multidisciplinary Landscape of Segregation Research.

For the complete network of interrelated segregation forms, please refer to:

• First year of publication

• Louvain clusters

• Betweenness centrality

• Disciplines in which segregation forms first emerged (Scopus database).

Notes

At its current state, this definition has been generated by a Large Language Model (LLM) so far without review by an independent researcher or a member of the curating team of segregation experts that keep the Segregation Wiki online. While we strive for accuracy, we cannot guarantee its reliability, completeness and timeliness. Please use this content with caution and verify information as needed. Also, feel free to improve on the definition as you see fit, including the use of references and other informational resources. We value your input in enhancing the quality and accuracy of the definitions of segregation forms collectively offered in the Segregation Wiki ©.

Vertical segregation appears in the following literature

Corcoran J. (1986). Law and the promotion of women. Women's Studies International Forum, 9(1), 19-24. https://doi.org/10.1016/0277-5395(86)90072-5

Walby S., Bagguley P. (199). Sex Segregation in Local Labour Markets. Work Employment & Society, 4(1), 59-81. https://doi.org/10.1177/0950017090004001004

Hakim C. (1992). Explaining trends in occupational segregation: The measurement, causes, and consequences of the sexual division of labour. European Sociological Review, 8(2), 127-152. Oxford University Press.https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.esr.a036628

Hebbert M. (1993). The city of london walkway experiment. Journal of the American Planning Association, 59(4), 433-450. https://doi.org/10.1080/01944369308975898

Peterhans J.C.K., Wrangham R.W., Carter M.L., Hauser M.D. (1993). A contribution to tropical rain forest taphonomy: Retrieval and documentation of chimpanzee remains from Kibale Forest, Uganda. Journal of Human Evolution, 25(6), 485-514. https://doi.org/10.1006/jhev.1993.1063

Watts M. (1993). Explaining trends in occupational segregation: Some comments. European Sociological Review, 9(3), 315-319. Oxford University Press.https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.esr.a036683

Lane C. (1993). Gender and the labour market in Europe: Britain, Germany and France compared. The Sociological Review, 41(2), 276-301. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-954X.1993.tb00066.x

Jordan E. (1996). The Lady CleRés at the Prudential: The Beginning of Vertical Segregation by Sex in Clerical WoRé in Nineteenth Century Britain. Gender and History, 8(1), 65-81. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0424.1996.tb00224.x

Jackson Chris (1996). Private sector promises Latin rail boom. Railway Gazette International, 152(12), 799-802. Reed Business Publishing Ltd..https://doi.org/

Powell D.M. (1998). Patterns and processes of sediment sorting in gravel bed rivers. Progress in Physical Geography, 22(1), 1-32. Arnold.https://doi.org/10.1177/030913339802200101

Blackburn R.M., Jarman J., Brooks B. (2). The puzzle of gender segregation and inequality: A cross national analysis. European Sociological Review, 16(2), 119-135. Oxford University Press.https://doi.org/10.1093/esr/16.2.119

Blackburn R.M., Brooks B., Jarman J. (2001). Occupational stratification: The vertical dimension of occupational segregation. Work, Employment and Society, 15(3), 511-538. https://doi.org/10.1177/09500170122119138

Maloutas T., Karadimitriou N. (2001). Vertical social differentiation in Athens: Alternative or complement to community segregation?. International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, 25(4), 699-716. https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-2427.00340

Blackburn R.M., Browne J., Brooks B., Jarman J. (2002). Explaining gender segregation. British Journal of Sociology, 53(4), 513-536. https://doi.org/10.1080/0007131022000021461

Charles M., Bradley K. (2002). Equal but separate? A cross national study of sex segregation in higher education. American Sociological Review, 67(4), 573-599. American Sociological Association.https://doi.org/10.2307/3088946

Fortin N.M., Huberman M. (2002). Occupational gender segregation and women's wages in Canada: An historical perspective. Canadian Public Policy, 28(SUPP), S11-S40. University of Toronto Press Inc..https://doi.org/10.2307/3552342

Charles M. (2003). Deciphering Sex Segregation: Vertical and Horizontal Inequalities in Ten National Labor Markets. Acta Sociologica, 46(4), 267-287. SAGE Publications Ltd.https://doi.org/10.1177/0001699303464001

Piscová M. (2003). Gender in science Women in science in Slovakia. Sociologia, 35(6), 579-598. Sociologicky Ustav SAV / Institute for Sociology of the Slovak Academy of Sciences.https://doi.org/

Brooks B., Jarman J., Blackburn R.M. (2003). Occupational gender segregation in Canada, 1981 1996: Overall, vertical and horizontal segregation. Canadian Review of Sociology and Anthropology, 40(2), 197-213. Canadian Sociology and Anthropology Association.https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1755-618x.2003.tb00243.x

Gosse M., Ganesh S. (2004). The gender pay gap and the importance of job size: Evidence from the New Zealand public service. New Zealand Economic Papers, 38(1), 101-118. https://doi.org/10.1080/00779950409544396

Marsh C. (2005). Mixed use development and the property market. Reclaiming the City: Mixed Use Development, 117-148. Taylor and Francis.https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203985465-11

Watts M.J. (2005). On the conceptualisation and measurement of horizontal and vertical occupational gender segregation. European Sociological Review, 21(5), 481-488. https://doi.org/10.1093/esr/jci034

Clarke L., Michielsens E., Wall C. (2006). Women in manual trades. Managing Diversity and Equality in Construction: Initiatives and Practice, 151-168. CRC Press.https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203088616

Larsen E.A. (2006). The impact of occupational sex segregation on family businesses: The case of American harness racing. Gender, Work and Organization, 13(4), 359-382. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0432.2006.00312.x

Rafailidis D., Nanopoulos A., Cambouropoulos E., Manolopoulos Y. (2008). Detection of stream segments in symbolic musical data. ISMIR 2008 - 9th International Conference on Music Information Retrieval, 83-88. https://doi.org/

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Calónico S., Ñopo H. (2009). Gender segregation in the workplace and wage gaps: Evidence from urban Mexico 1994 2004. Research on Economic Inequality, 17(), 245-270. https://doi.org/10.1108/S1049-2585(2009)0000017015

Campos-Soria J.A., Ortega-Aguaza B., Ropero-García M.A. (2009). Gender segregation and wage difference in the hospitality industry. Tourism Economics, 15(4), 847-866. IP Publishing Ltd.https://doi.org/10.5367/000000009789955152

McTavish D., Miller K. (2009). Management, leadership and gender representation in UK higher and further education. Gender in Management, 24(3), 178-194. https://doi.org/10.1108/17542410910950868

Alario M., Pascual H., Baraja E. (2009). Occupational segregation of women in rural Industry: The case of Castilla y León; [Segregación laboral de las mujeres en la industria rural: El caso de castillay león]. Boletin de la Asociacion de Geografos Espanoles, 173-192+401. Asociacion Espanola de Geografia.https://doi.org/

Barns A., Preston A. (201). Is Australia really a world leader in closing the gender gap?. Feminist Economics, 16(4), 81-103. https://doi.org/10.1080/13545701.2010.530607

Takruri-Rizk H., Sappleton N., Dhar-Bhattacharjee S. (201). Progression of UK women engineers: Aids and hurdles. Women in Engineering, Science and Technology: Education and Career Challenges, 232-250. IGI Global.https://doi.org/10.4018/978-1-61520-657-5.ch013

Carvalho T., Santiago R. (201). New challenges for women seeking an academic career: The hiring process in Portuguese higher education institutions. Journal of Higher Education Policy and Management, 32(3), 239-249. https://doi.org/10.1080/13600801003743331

Poggio B. (201). Vertical segregation and gender practices. Perspectives of analysis and action. Gender in Management: An International Journal, 25(6), 428-437. https://doi.org/10.1108/17542411011069864

Fényes H. (201). Horizontal and vertical segregation in education by gender in the hungarian romanian ukrainian border region (partium). Journal of Social Research and Policy, 1(1), 69-89. Editura Universitatii din Oradea.https://doi.org/

Willms J.D. (201). School composition and contextual effects on student outcomes. Teachers College Record, 112(4), 1008-1037. Teachers College, Columbia University.https://doi.org/

Stanfors M., Karlsson T. (2011). Gender, occupation, or workplace: What mattered for the gender gap in the Swedish tobacco industry?. Scandinavian Economic History Review, 59(3), 214-231. https://doi.org/10.1080/03585522.2011.617572

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Chanana K. (2011). Higher education and gender issues in the knowledge economy: Who studies what, why and where?. The Emergent Knowledge Society and the Future of Higher Education: Asian Perspectives, 177-193. Taylor and Francis.https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203145906-21

Pignatti N. (2012). Gender wage gap dynamics in a changing Ukraine. IZA Journal of Labor and Development, 1(1), -. SpringerOpen.https://doi.org/10.1186/2193-9020-1-7

Seierstad C., Healy G. (2012). Women's equality in the Scandinavian academy: A distant dream?. Work, Employment and Society, 26(2), 296-313. SAGE Publications Ltd.https://doi.org/10.1177/0950017011432918

Almer E.D., Lightbody M.G., Single L.E. (2012). Successful promotion or segregation from partnership? An examination of the "post senior manager" position in public accounting and the implications for women's careers. Accounting Forum, 36(2), 122-133. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.accfor.2011.06.002

O'Neill K.L., Fogarty-Valenzuela B. (2013). Verticality. Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute, 19(2), 378-389. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-9655.12038

Nemoto K. (2013). When culture resists progress: Masculine organizational culture and its impacts on the vertical segregation of women in Japanese companies. Work, Employment and Society, 27(1), 153-169. SAGE Publications Ltd.https://doi.org/10.1177/0950017012460324

Huppatz K., Goodwin S. (2013). Masculinised jobs, feminised jobs and men's 'gender capital' experiences: Understanding occupational segregation in Australia. Journal of Sociology, 49(2-3), 291-308. https://doi.org/10.1177/1440783313481743

Kreitz-Sandberg S. (2013). Gender inclusion and horizontal gender segregation: stakeholders' strategies and dilemmas in Swedish teachers' education. Gender and Education, 25(4), 444-465. https://doi.org/10.1080/09540253.2013.772566

Seitkhozhina J.A. (2014). Gender asymmetry at the labor market in the Republic of Kazakhstan. Actual Problems of Economics, 151(1), 368-375. National Academy of Management.https://doi.org/

Juhasz Liebermann A., Suter C., Iglesias Rutishauser K. (2014). Segregation or Integration? Immigrant Self Employment in Switzerland. Journal of International Migration and Integration, 15(1), 93-115. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12134-012-0270-4

Huppatz K. (2015). Theories of vertical segregation in feminized occupations: Rethinking dominant perspectives and making use of Bourdieu. Handbook of Gendered Careers in Management: Getting In, Getting On, Getting Out, 179-193. Edward Elgar Publishing Ltd..https://doi.org/10.4337/9781782547709.00020

Woodhams C., Lupton B., Cowling M. (2015). The Presence of Ethnic Minority and Disabled men in Feminised Work: Intersectionality, Vertical Segregation and the Glass Escalator. Sex Roles, 72(7-8), 277-293. Springer New York LLC.https://doi.org/10.1007/s11199-014-0427-z

Llaguno M.M., Segarra S.M., Navarro-Beltrá M. (2015). Analysis of communication executives and managers in Spain: Socio demographic, organizational and attitudinal characteristics from a gender perspective. Catalan Journal of Communication and Cultural Studies, 7(2), 129-146. Intellect Ltd..https://doi.org/10.1386/cjcs.7.2.129_1

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Martín-Llaguno M., Navarro-Beltrá M. (2015). Vertical and horizontal segregation in advertising agencies before and after the law for equality of women and men; [La segregación vertical y horizontal en las agencias de publicidad antes y después de la ley de igualdad de mujeres y hombres]. Revista Espanola de Investigaciones Sociologicas, 150(), 113-150. Centro de Investigaciones Sociologicas.https://doi.org/10.5477/cis/reis.150.113

Ljunggren J., Andersen P.L. (2015). Vertical and Horizontal Segregation: Spatial Class Divisions in Oslo, 1970 2003. International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, 39(2), 305-322. https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-2427.12167

Hussein S., Ismail M., Manthorpe J. (2016). Male workers in the female dominated long term care sector: evidence from England. Journal of Gender Studies, 25(1), 35-49. Routledge.https://doi.org/10.1080/09589236.2014.887001

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Maloutas T., Spyrellis S.N. (2016). Vertical segregation: Mapping the vertical social stratiication of residents in Athenian apartment buildings. Mediterranee, 2016(127), 27-36. Presses Universitaires de Provence.https://doi.org/10.4000/mediterranee.8378

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Grandi G., Menchetti M., Mori E. (2018). Vertical segregation by breeding ring necked parakeets Psittacula krameri in northern Italy. Urban Ecosystems, 21(5), 1011-1017. Springer New York LLC.https://doi.org/10.1007/s11252-018-0779-1

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Perner M.L. (2019). Segregated behind the walls: residential patterns in pre industrial Copenhagen. Social History, 44(4), 412-439. Routledge.https://doi.org/10.1080/03071022.2019.1655888

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Newman C., Nayebare A., Neema S., Agaba A., Akello L.P. (2021). Uganda’s response to sexual harassment in the public health sector: from “Dying Silently” to gender transformational HRH policy. Human Resources for Health, 19(1), -. BioMed Central Ltd.https://doi.org/10.1186/s12960-021-00569-0

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Maloutas T., Botton H. (2021). Vertical micro segregation: is living in disadvantageous lower floors in Athens’ apartment blocks producing negative social effects?. Housing Studies, -. Routledge.https://doi.org/10.1080/02673037.2021.2014414

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Filandri M., Pasqua S. (2021). ‘Being good isn’t good enough’: gender discrimination in Italian academia. Studies in Higher Education, 46(8), 1533-1551. Routledge.https://doi.org/10.1080/03075079.2019.1693990

Kaida L., Boyd M. (2022). Revisiting gender occupational segregation trends in Canada: 1991 2016. Canadian Review of Sociology, 59(), 4-25. John Wiley and Sons Inc.https://doi.org/10.1111/cars.12392

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Ahrens P., Scheele A. (2022). Game Changers for Gender Equality in Germany’s Labour Market? Corporate Board Quotas, Pay Transparency and Temporary Part Time Work. German Politics, 31(1), 157-176. Routledge.https://doi.org/10.1080/09644008.2021.1984428