Ethnoracial segregation

Date and country of first publication

1985
United States

Definition

Ethnoracial segregation refers to the spatial separation of different racial or ethnic groups within a society. It occurs when certain racial or ethnic groups predominantly inhabit specific geographic areas, neighborhoods, or communities, often as a result of historical processes, socioeconomic factors, discriminatory practices, or personal choices. Ethnoracial segregation can be observed in various aspects of life, including housing patterns, educational institutions, workplaces, and social interactions. This segregation can have significant implications for social equity, access to resources and opportunities, and the perpetuation of racial or ethnic disparities. Efforts to address ethnoracial segregation often involve policies and initiatives aimed at promoting diversity, inclusion, and equal access to housing, education, and employment opportunities.

Synonyms

The following terms are synonymous with ethnoracial segregation:

ethno racial segregation; race ethnic segregation; race ethnicity segregation; racial ethnic segregation.

References and literature addressing this segregation form under these synonymous terms can be found below.

Related segregation forms

Ethnoracial segregation is frequently discussed in the literature with the following segregation forms:

racial segregation, social segregation, residential segregation, ethnic segregation, school segregation, class segregation, spatial segregation, black spanish segregation, occupational segregation, ethnic residential segregation, neighborhood segregation, metropolitan segregation, metropolitan school segregation, socioeconomic segregation, ethnic minority segregation

This visualization is based on the study The Multidisciplinary Landscape of Segregation Research.

For the complete network of interrelated segregation forms, please refer to:

• First year of publication

• Louvain clusters

• Betweenness centrality

• Disciplines in which segregation forms first emerged (Scopus database).

Notes

At its current state, this definition has been generated by a Large Language Model (LLM) so far without review by an independent researcher or a member of the curating team of segregation experts that keep the Segregation Wiki online. While we strive for accuracy, we cannot guarantee its reliability, completeness and timeliness. Please use this content with caution and verify information as needed. Also, feel free to improve on the definition as you see fit, including the use of references and other informational resources. We value your input in enhancing the quality and accuracy of the definitions of segregation forms collectively offered in the Segregation Wiki ©.

Ethnoracial segregation appears in the following literature

Hwang S.-S., Murdock S.H., Parpia B., Hamm R.R. (1985). The Effects of Race and Socioeconomic Status on Residential Segregation in Texas, 1970 80. Social Forces, 63(3), 732-747. Oxford University Press.https://doi.org/10.1093/sf/63.3.732

Aneshensel C.S., Sucoff C.A. (1996). The Neighborhood Context of Adolescent Mental Health. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 37(4), 293-310. American Sociological Association.https://doi.org/10.2307/2137258

Massey D.S., Fischer M.J. (1999). Does rising income bring integration? New results for Blacks, Hispanics, and Asians in 1990. Social Science Research, 28(3), 316-326. https://doi.org/10.1006/ssre.1999.0660

James J. (2). The dysfunctional and the disappearing: Democracy, race and imprisonment. Social Identities, 6(4), 483-492. https://doi.org/10.1080/13504630020026422

Massey D.S., Fischer M.J. (2). How segregation concentrates poverty. Ethnic and Racial Studies, 23(4), 670-691. Routledge.https://doi.org/10.1080/01419870050033676

Rosenbaum E., Argeros G. (2005). Holding the line: Housing turnover and the persistence of racial/ethnic segregation in New York City. Journal of Urban Affairs, 27(3), 261-281. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0735-2166.2005.00236.x

Masi C.M., Hawkley L.C., Harry Piotrowski Z., Pickett K.E. (2007). Neighborhood economic disadvantage, violent crime, group density, and pregnancy outcomes in a diverse, urban population. Social Science and Medicine, 65(12), 2440-2457. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2007.07.014

Chung S.-Y., Brown L.A. (2007). Racial/ethnic residential sorting in spatial context: Testing the explanatory frameworks. Urban Geography, 28(4), 312-339. https://doi.org/10.2747/0272-3638.28.4.312

Thomas M.E. (2008). The paradoxes of personhood: Banal multiculturalism and racial ethnic identification among Latina and Armenian girls at a Los Angeles high school. Environment and Planning A, 40(12), 2864-2878. https://doi.org/10.1068/a40141

Queneau H. (2009). Trends in occupational segregation by race and ethnicity in the USA: Evidence from detailed data. Applied Economics Letters, 16(13), 1347-1350. https://doi.org/10.1080/13504850701367346

Gurin P., Gurin G., Matlock J., Wade-Golden K. (2009). Commonality in values across the racial divide. Twenty-First Century Color Lines: Multiracial Change in Contemporary America, 235-257. Temple University Press.https://doi.org/

Massey D.S., Rothwell J., Domina T. (2009). The changing bases of segregation in the United States. Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 626(1), 74-90. https://doi.org/10.1177/0002716209343558

Feldmeyer B. (201). The Effects Of Racial/Ethnic Segregation On Latino And Black Homicide. Sociological Quarterly, 51(4), 600-623. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1533-8525.2010.01185.x

Braddock II J.H., Del Carmen Gonzalez A. (201). Social isolation and social cohesion: The effects of K 12 neighborhood and school segregation on intergroup orientations. Teachers College Record, 112(6), 1631-1653. Teachers College, Columbia University.https://doi.org/

Aneshensel C.S., Ko M.J., Chodosh J., Wight R.G. (2011). The urban neighborhood and cognitive functioning in late middle age. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 52(2), 163-179. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022146510393974

Ryabov I. (2011). Adolescent academic outcomes in school context: Network effects Reexamined. Journal of Adolescence, 34(5), 915-927. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adolescence.2010.12.004

Short J.R. (2011). Liquid city: Megalopolis and the contemporary Northeast. Liquid City: Megalopolis and the Contemporary Northeast, 1-188. Taylor and Francis.https://doi.org/10.4324/9781936331109

Préteceille E. (2011). Has ethno racial segregation increased in the greater Paris metropolitan area?. Revue Francaise de Sociologie, 52(SUPPL.), 31-62. Editions Ophrys.https://doi.org/10.3917/rfs.525.0031

Borrell L.N., Kiefe C.I., Diez-Roux A.V., Williams D.R., Gordon-Larsen P. (2013). Racial discrimination, racial/ethnic segregation, and health behaviors in the CARDIA study. Ethnicity and Health, 18(3), 227-243. https://doi.org/10.1080/13557858.2012.713092

Sharp G., Iceland J. (2013). The residential segregation patterns of whites by socioeconomic status, 2000 2011. Social Science Research, 42(4), 1046-1060. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssresearch.2013.03.007

Stroub K.J., Richards M.P. (2013). From Resegregation to Reintegration: Trends in the Racial/Ethnic Segregation of Metropolitan Public Schools, 1993 2009. American Educational Research Journal, 50(3), 497-531. SAGE Publications Inc..https://doi.org/10.3102/0002831213478462

Filčák R., Steger T. (2014). Ghettos in Slovakia. Confronting Roma social and enviromental exclusion. Analyse und Kritik, 36(2), 229-250. Lucius und Lucius Verlagsgesellschaft mbH.https://doi.org/10.1515/auk-2014-0203

Yi S.S., Ruff R.R., Jung M., Waddell E.N. (2014). Racial/ethnic residential segregation, neighborhood poverty and urinary biomarkers of diet in New York City adults. Social Science and Medicine, 122(), 122-129. Elsevier Ltd.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2014.10.030

Richards M.P. (2014). The Gerrymandering of School Attendance Zones and the Segregation of Public Schools: A Geospatial Analysis. American Educational Research Journal, 51(6), 1119-1157. SAGE Publications Inc..https://doi.org/10.3102/0002831214553652

Smith B.W., Holmes M.D. (2014). Police use of excessive force in minority communities: A test of the minority threat, place, and community accountability hypotheses. Social Problems, 61(1), 83-104. https://doi.org/10.1525/sp.2013.12056

Richards M.P., Stroub K.J. (2014). The fragmentation of metropolitan public school districts and the segregation of American schools: A longitudinal analysis. Teachers College Record, 116(12), -. Teachers College, Columbia University.https://doi.org/

Gibbons J., Yang T.-C. (2014). Self rated health and residential segregation: How does race/ethnicity matter?. Journal of Urban Health, 91(4), 648-660. Springer Science and Business Media Deutschland GmbH.https://doi.org/10.1007/s11524-013-9863-2

Bessone M., Doytcheva M., Duez J.-B., Girard C., De Latour S.G. (2014). Integrating or segregating roma migrants in france in the name of respect: A spatial analysis of the villages d'insertion. Journal of Urban Affairs, 36(2), 182-196. Blackwell Publishing Ltd.https://doi.org/10.1111/juaf.12029

Wong D.W., Strang G., Tang W.-Y., Wu W. (2015). How ethnically diverse can a "Chinese City" be? the case of Hong Kong. Eurasian Geography and Economics, 56(3), 331-355. Routledge.https://doi.org/10.1080/15387216.2015.1091366

Gibbons J. (2015). Does racial segregation make community based organizations more territorial? Evidence from Newark, Nj, and Jersey City, Nj. Journal of Urban Affairs, 37(5), 600-619. Taylor and Francis Ltd..https://doi.org/10.1111/juaf.12170

Ryabov I. (2016). Examining the role of residential segregation in explaining racial/ethnic gaps in spending on fruit and vegetables. Appetite, 98(), 74-79. Academic Press.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2015.12.024

Winkler R.L., Johnson K.M. (2016). Moving Toward Integration? Effects of Migration on Ethnoracial Segregation Across the Rural Urban Continuum. Demography, 53(4), 1027-1049. Springer Science and Business Media, LLC.https://doi.org/10.1007/s13524-016-0479-5

Gibbons J., Yang T.-C. (2016). Connecting Across the Divides of Race/Ethnicity: How Does Segregation Matter?. Urban Affairs Review, 52(4), 531-558. SAGE Publications Inc..https://doi.org/10.1177/1078087415589193

Stroub K.J., Richards M.P. (2017). Suburbanizing segregation? Changes in racial/ethnic diversity and the geographic distribution of metropolitan school segregation, 2002 2012. Teachers College Record, 119(7), 1-40. Teachers College, Columbia University.https://doi.org/

D'Agostino E.M., Patel H.H., Ahmed Z., Hansen E., Sunil Mathew M., Nardi M.I., Messiah S.E. (2018). Impact of change in neighborhood racial/ethnic segregation on cardiovascular health in minority youth attending a park based afterschool program. Social Science and Medicine, 205(), 116-129. Elsevier Ltd.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2018.03.038

McAvay H. (2018). How Durable Are Ethnoracial Segregation and Spatial Disadvantage? Intergenerational Contextual Mobility in France. Demography, 55(4), 1507-1545. Springer Science and Business Media, LLC.https://doi.org/10.1007/s13524-018-0689-0

Ryabov I. (2018). The Role of Residential Segregation in Explaining Racial Gaps in Childhood and Adolescent Obesity. Youth and Society, 50(4), 485-505. SAGE Publications Inc..https://doi.org/10.1177/0044118X15607165

Zhu L. (2018). A multi level analysis on school connectedness, family support, and adolescent depression: Evidence from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health, 1995 1996. Social Sciences, 7(5), -. MDPI AG.https://doi.org/10.3390/SOCSCI7050072

Wynn C.E., Friedman S. (2018). Assessing the role of family structure in racial/ethnic residential isolation. Social Sciences, 7(9), -. MDPI AG.https://doi.org/10.3390/SOCSCI7090160

Arowosegbe J.O. (2019). Hausa Fulani Pastoralists and Resource Conflicts in Yorubaland. Interventions, 21(8), 1157-1187. Routledge.https://doi.org/10.1080/1369801X.2019.1649182

Sosina V.E., Weathers E.S. (2019). Pathways to Inequality: Between District Segregation and Racial Disparities in School District Expenditures. AERA Open, 5(3), -. SAGE Publications Inc..https://doi.org/10.1177/2332858419872445

D'Agostino E.M., Patel H.H., Hansen E., Mathew M.S., Nardi M.I., Messiah S.E. (2019). Does transportation vulnerability explain the relationship between changes in exposure to segregation and youth cardiovascular health?. Health and Place, 57(), 265-276. Elsevier Ltd.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.healthplace.2019.04.002

Gibbons J. (2019). The Effect of Segregated Cities on Ethnoracial Minority Healthcare System Distrust. City and Community, 18(1), 321-343. Blackwell Publishing Ltd.https://doi.org/10.1111/cico.12370

Reardon S.F., Kalogrides D., Shores K. (2019). The geography of racial/ethnic test score gaps. American Journal of Sociology, 124(4), 1164-1221. University of Chicago Press.https://doi.org/10.1086/700678

Abrantes P., Roldão C. (2019). The (Mis)education of african descendants in Portugal: Towards vocational traps?. Portuguese Journal of Social Science, 18(1), 27-55. Intellect Ltd..https://doi.org/10.1386/pjss.18.1.27_1

De Maio F., Ansell D., Shah R.C. (202). Racial/ethnic minority segregation and low birth weight in five North American cities. Ethnicity and Health, 25(7), 915-924. Routledge.https://doi.org/10.1080/13557858.2018.1492706

Kogachi K., Graham S. (202). Numerical Minority Status in Middle School and Racial/Ethnic Segregation in Academic Classes. Child Development, 91(6), 2083-2102. Blackwell Publishing Inc..https://doi.org/10.1111/cdev.13408

Yang T.-C., Park K., Matthews S.A. (202). Racial/ethnic segregation and health disparities: Future directions and opportunities. Sociology Compass, 14(6), -. Wiley-Blackwell.https://doi.org/10.1111/soc4.12794

Linton S.L., Cooper H.L.F., Chen Y.-T., Khan M.A., Wolfe M.E., Ross Z., Des Jarlais D.C., Friedman S.R., Tempalski B., Broz D., Semaan S., Wejnert C., Paz-Bailey G. (202). Mortgage Discrimination and Racial/Ethnic Concentration Are Associated with Same Race/Ethnicity Partnering among People Who Inject Drugs in 19 US Cities. Journal of Urban Health, 97(1), 88-104. Springer.https://doi.org/10.1007/s11524-019-00405-w

Richards M.P., Stroub K.J. (202). Measuring segregation in a multiracial era: The impact of federal racial reporting changes on estimates of public school segregation. Teachers College Record, 122(5), 155-170. Teachers College, Columbia University.https://doi.org/

Richards M.P., Stroub K.J. (202). Metropolitan public school district segregation by race and income, 2000 2011. Teachers College Record, 122(5), 21-41. Teachers College, Columbia University.https://doi.org/

Meyer O.L., Besser L., Mitsova D., Booker M., Luu E., Tobias M., Farias S.T., Mungas D., DeCarli C., Whitmer R.A. (2021). Neighborhood racial/ethnic segregation and cognitive decline in older adults. Social Science and Medicine, 284(), -. Elsevier Ltd.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2021.114226

Dudovitz R.N., Biely C., Barnert E.S., Coker T.R., Guerrero A.D., Jackson N., Schickedanz A., Szilagyi P.G., Iyer S., Chung P.J. (2021). Association between school racial/ethnic composition during adolescence and adult health. Social Science and Medicine, 272(), -. Elsevier Ltd.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2021.113719

Slater T. (2021). Shaking up the city: Ignorance, inequality, and the urban question. Shaking Up the City: Ignorance, Inequality, and the Urban Question, 1-258. University of California Press.https://doi.org/

González-Pérez J.M. (2021). Racial/Ethnic Segregation and Urban Inequality in Kansas City, Missouri: A Divided City. City and Community, 20(4), 346-370. SAGE Publications Inc..https://doi.org/10.1177/1535684121990799

D’Agostino E.M., Patel H.H., Hansen E., Mathew M.S., Messiah S.E. (2021). Longitudinal Effects of Transportation Vulnerability on the Association Between Racial/Ethnic Segregation and Youth Cardiovascular Health. Journal of Racial and Ethnic Health Disparities, 8(3), 618-629. Springer Science and Business Media Deutschland GmbH.https://doi.org/10.1007/s40615-020-00821-8

Zhai W., Fu X., Liu M., Peng Z.-R. (2021). The impact of ethnic segregation on neighbourhood level social distancing in the United States amid the early outbreak of COVID 19. Urban Studies, -. SAGE Publications Ltd.https://doi.org/10.1177/00420980211050183

Smith J.L., Sonmez Z., Zettel N. (2021). Growing Income Inequality and Socioeconomic Segregation in the Chicago Region. Urban Book Series, 349-369. Springer Science and Business Media Deutschland GmbH.https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-64569-4_18

Schaefer D.R., Khuu T.V., Rambaran J.A., Rivas-Drake D., Umaña-Taylor A.J. (2022). How do youth choose activities? Assessing the relative importance of the micro selection mechanisms behind adolescent extracurricular activity participation. Social Networks, -. Elsevier B.V..https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socnet.2021.12.008

Bernet P. (2022). COVID 19 Infections and Mortality in Florida Counties: Roles of Race, Ethnicity, Segregation, and 2020 Election Results. Journal of Racial and Ethnic Health Disparities, 9(5), 1965-1975. Springer Science and Business Media Deutschland GmbH.https://doi.org/10.1007/s40615-021-01135-z

Beckman L., Wang X. (2022). Revisiting the Minority Threat Perspective: Examining the Main and Interactive Effects of Segregation on Sentencing Severity. Justice Quarterly, 39(4), 745-771. Routledge.https://doi.org/10.1080/07418825.2020.1854832

Han S., Piquero A.R. (2022). Is It Dangerous to Live in Neighborhoods with More Immigrants? Assessing the Effects of Immigrant Concentration on Crime Patterns. Crime and Delinquency, 68(1), 52-79. SAGE Publications Inc..https://doi.org/10.1177/00111287211007736

Hu L., Moayyed H., Frank N. (2022). Racial/ethnic and class segregation at workplace and residence: A Los Angeles case study. Journal of Urban Affairs, 44(7), 907-925. Taylor and Francis Ltd..https://doi.org/10.1080/07352166.2020.1782224