White segregation

Date and country of first publication^[1]

1990
United States

Definition

White segregation refers to the separation or isolation of white individuals from individuals of other races or ethnicities. This can manifest in various ways, such as racially exclusive neighborhoods, schools, or social gatherings, where white individuals intentionally or unintentionally choose to isolate themselves from people of different races. White segregation can also occur in institutional settings, such as the workplace or government institutions, where individuals of different races may face barriers or exclusionary practices that limit their access or opportunities based on their race. It is important to note that white segregation has historically been perpetuated and enforced by systemic racism and discrimination, contributing to racial inequality and social division.

Related segregation forms

White segregation is frequently discussed in the literature with the following segregation forms:

black white segregation, white spatial segregation, hispanic segregation, asian segregation, black segregation

For the complete network of associated segregation forms, see:

clusters https://tinyurl.com/2d8wg5n3 
year of publication https://tinyurl.com/2235lkhw 
betweenness centrality https://tinyurl.com/223udk5r 
disciplines where segregation forms first appeared https://tinyurl.com/244d8unz

References

Notes

↑ Date and country of first publication as informed by the Scopus database (December 2023).

At its current state, this definition has been generated by a Large Language Model (LLM) so far without review by an independent researcher or a member of the curating team of segregation experts that keep the Segregation Wiki online. While we strive for accuracy, we cannot guarantee its reliability, completeness and timeliness. Please use this content with caution and verify information as needed. Also, feel free to improve on the definition as you see fit, including the use of references and other informational resources. We value your input in enhancing the quality and accuracy of the definitions of segregation forms collectively offered in the Segregation Wiki ©.

White segregation appears in the following literature

Massey D.S. (1979). Residential segregation of Spanish Americans in united states Urbanized Areas. Demography, 16(4), 553-563. https://doi.org/10.2307/2060935

Lieberson S., Carter D.K. (1982). A Model for Inferring the Voluntary and involuntary causes of residential segregation. Demography, 19(4), 511-526. https://doi.org/10.2307/2061016

Massey D.S. (1983). A research note on residential succession: The hispanic case. Social Forces, 61(3), 825-833. https://doi.org/10.1093/sf/61.3.825

Darden J.T. (1984). THE RESIDENTIAL SEGREGATION OF AMERICAN INDIANS IN METROPOLITAN AREAS OF MICHIGAN. Journal of Urban Affairs, 6(1), 29-52. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9906.1984.tb00437.x

Farley J.E. (1986). Segregated city, segregated suburbs: To what extent are they products of black white socioeconomic differentials?. Urban Geography, 7(2), 164-171. https://doi.org/10.2747/0272-3638.7.2.164

Davies J.C. (199). General assistance among u.s. cities: A test of alternative hypotheses. Sociological Spectrum, 10(2), 283-299. https://doi.org/10.1080/02732173.1990.9981926

Bickford A., Massey D.S. (1991). Segregation in the second ghetto: Racial and ethnic segregation in american public housing, 1977. Social Forces, 69(4), 1011-1036. https://doi.org/10.1093/sf/69.4.1011

Peterson R.D., Krivo L.J. (1993). Racial segregation and black urban homicide. Social Forces, 71(4), 1001-1026. https://doi.org/10.1093/sf/71.4.1001

Krivo L.J., Kaufman R.L. (1999). How low can it go? Declining black white segregation in a multiethnic context. Demography, 36(1), 93-109. Duke University Press.https://doi.org/10.2307/2648136

St. John C., Clymer R. (2). Racial residential segregation by level of socioeconomic status. Social Science Quarterly, 81(3), 701-715. Blackwell Publishing Inc..https://doi.org/

Krysan M., Farley R. (2002). The residential preferences of blacks: Do they explain persistent segregation?. Social Forces, 80(3), 937-980. https://doi.org/10.1353/sof.2002.0011

Yarbrough R.A. (2003). Latino/White and Latino/Black segregation in the southeastern United States: Findings from census 2000. Southeastern Geographer, 43(2), 235-248. University of Georgia.https://doi.org/10.1353/sgo.2003.0011

Wilkes R. (2003). The residential segregation of native americans in U.S. Metropolitan areas. Sociological Focus, 36(2), 127-142. https://doi.org/10.1080/00380237.2003.10570720

Dawkins C.J. (2004). Recent evidence on the continuing causes of black white residential segregation. Journal of Urban Affairs, 26(3), 379-400. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0735-2166.2004.00205.x

Iceland J. (2004). Beyond Black and White Metropolitan residential segregation in multi ethnic America. Social Science Research, 33(2), 248-271. Academic Press Inc..https://doi.org/10.1016/S0049-089X(03)00056-5

Dawkins C.J. (2004). Measuring the spatial pattern of residential segregation. Urban Studies, 41(4), 833-851. https://doi.org/10.1080/0042098042000194133

Logan J.R., Stults B.J., Farley R. (2004). Segration of minorities in the metropolis: Two decades of change. Demography, 41(1), 1-22. Duke University Press.https://doi.org/

Christopher A.J. (2005). The slow pace of desegregation in South African cities, 1996 2001. Urban Studies, 42(12), 2305-2320. https://doi.org/10.1080/00420980500332122

Rosenbaum E., Argeros G. (2005). Holding the line: Housing turnover and the persistence of racial/ethnic segregation in New York City. Journal of Urban Affairs, 27(3), 261-281. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0735-2166.2005.00236.x

Dawkins C. (2006). The spatial pattern of black white segregation in US metropolitan areas: An exploratory analysis. Urban Studies, 43(11), 1943-1969. https://doi.org/10.1080/00420980600897792

Tomaskovic-Devey D., Zimmer C., Stainback K., Robinson C., Taylor T., McTague T. (2006). Documenting desegregation: Segregation in American workplaces by race, ethnicity, and sex, 1966 2003. American Sociological Review, 71(4), 565-588. American Sociological Association.https://doi.org/10.1177/000312240607100403

Wahl A.-M.G., Gunkel S.E. (2007). From old south to new south? Black white residential segregation in micropolitan areas. Sociological Spectrum, 27(5), 507-535. https://doi.org/10.1080/02732170701434674

Wahl A.-M.G., Breckenridge R.S., Gunkel S.E. (2007). Latinos, residential segregation and spatial assimilation in micropolitan areas: Exploring the American dilemma on a new frontier. Social Science Research, 36(3), 995-1020. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssresearch.2006.07.004

Galster G., Cutsinger J. (2007). Racial settlement and metropolitan land use patterns: Does sprawl abet black white segregation?. Urban Geography, 28(6), 516-553. https://doi.org/10.2747/0272-3638.28.6.516

Fairchild G.B. (2008). Spatial assimilation and self employement: The case of black Americans. Journal of Developmental Entrepreneurship, 13(3), 269-291. https://doi.org/10.1142/S1084946708000971

Scopilliti M., Iceland J. (2008). Residential patterns of black immigrants and native born blacks in the United States. Social Science Quarterly, 89(3), 551-572. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6237.2008.00547.x

Friedman S. (2008). Do declines in residential segregation mean stable neighborhood racial integration in metropolitan America? A research note. Social Science Research, 37(3), 920-933. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssresearch.2007.06.010

DeFina R., Hannon L. (2009). Diversity, racial threat and metropolitan housing segregation. Social Forces, 88(1), 373-394. https://doi.org/10.1353/sof.0.0234

Reardon S.F., Farrell C.R., Matthews S.A., O'Sullivan D., Bischoff K., Firebaugh G. (2009). Race and space in the 1990s: Changes in the geographic scale of racial residential segregation, 1990 2000. Social Science Research, 38(1), 55-70. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssresearch.2008.10.002

Lichter D.T., Parisi D., Taquino M.C., Grice S.M. (201). Residential segregation in new Hispanic destinations: Cities, suburbs, and rural communities compared. Social Science Research, 39(2), 215-230. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssresearch.2009.08.006

Reisinger M.E., Frazier J.W., Tettey-Fio E.L. (201). Patterns and issues in the Latinization of Allentown, Pennsylvania. Race, Ethnicity, and Place in a Changing America, 233-250. State University of New York Press.https://doi.org/

White M.J., Glick J.E. (2011). Achieving anew: How new immigrants do in American schools, jobs, and neighborhoods. Achieving Anew: How New Immigrants do in American Schools, Jobs, and Neighborhoods, 1-226. Russell Sage Foundation.https://doi.org/

Gorard S., Cheng S.C. (2011). Pupil clustering in english secondary schools: One pattern or several?. International Journal of Research and Method in Education, 34(3), 327-339. https://doi.org/10.1080/1743727X.2011.609548

Lewis J.H., Hamilton D.K. (2011). Race and regionalism: The structure of local government and racial disparity. Urban Affairs Review, 47(3), 349-384. https://doi.org/10.1177/1078087410391751

Nuru-Jeter A.M., LaVeist T.A. (2011). Racial segregation, income inequality, and mortality in US metropolitan areas. Journal of Urban Health, 88(2), 270-282. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11524-010-9524-7

Allen J.P., Turner E. (2012). Black White and Hispanic White Segregation in U.S. Counties. Professional Geographer, 64(4), 503-520. https://doi.org/10.1080/00330124.2011.611426

Slater T., Anderson N. (2012). The reputational ghetto: Territorial stigmatisation in St Paul's, Bristol. Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers, 37(4), 530-546. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-5661.2011.00490.x

Anderson K.F., Fullerton A.S. (2012). Racial residential segregation and access to health care coverage: A multilevel analysis. Research in the Sociology of Health Care, 30(), 133-158. Emerald Group Publishing Ltd..https://doi.org/10.1108/S0275-4959(2012)0000030009

Iceland J., Sharp G. (2013). White Residential Segregation in U.S. Metropolitan Areas: Conceptual Issues, Patterns, and Trends from the U.S. Census, 1980 to 2010. Population Research and Policy Review, 32(5), 663-686. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11113-013-9277-6

Sharp G., Iceland J. (2013). The residential segregation patterns of whites by socioeconomic status, 2000 2011. Social Science Research, 42(4), 1046-1060. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssresearch.2013.03.007

Iceland J., Sharp G., Timberlake J.M. (2013). Sun Belt Rising: Regional Population Change and the Decline in Black Residential Segregation, 1970 2009. Demography, 50(1), 97-123. Duke University Press.https://doi.org/10.1007/s13524-012-0136-6

Hyra D.S., Squires G.D., Renner R.N., Kirk D.S. (2013). Metropolitan Segregation and the Subprime Lending Crisis. Housing Policy Debate, 23(1), 177-198. https://doi.org/10.1080/10511482.2012.697912

Logan J.R. (2014). Diversity and disparities: America enters a new century. Diversity and Disparities: America Enters A New Century, 1-472. Russell Sage Foundation.https://doi.org/

Quillian L. (2014). Does segregation create winners and losers? Residential segregation and inequality in educational attainment. Social Problems, 61(3), 402-426. University of California Press.https://doi.org/10.1525/sp.2014.12193

Hwang J., Hankinson M., Kreg Brown S. (2015). Racial and spatial targeting: Segregation and subprime lending within and across metropolitan areas. Social Forces, 93(3), 1081-1108. Oxford University Press.https://doi.org/10.1093/sf/sou099

Lichter D.T., Parisi D., Taquino M.C. (2015). Spatial Assimilation in U.S. Cities and Communities? Emerging Patterns of Hispanic Segregation from Blacks and Whites. Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 660(1), 36-56. SAGE Publications Inc..https://doi.org/10.1177/0002716215572995

Boyd R.L. (2015). The “Dream of Black Metropolis” in the Early Twentieth Century United States: Racial Segregation, Regional Location, and Black Population Size. Sociological Spectrum, 35(3), 271-285. Bellwether Publishing, Ltd..https://doi.org/10.1080/02732173.2015.1021063

Davis T., Bhatt R., Schwarz K. (2015). School segregation in the era of accountability. Social Currents, 2(3), 239-259. SAGE Publications Inc..https://doi.org/10.1177/2329496515589852

Parisi D., Lichter D.T., Taquino M.C. (2015). The buffering hypothesis: Growing diversity and declining black white segregation in America's cities, suburbs, and small towns?. Sociological Science, 2(), 125-157. Society for Sociological Science.https://doi.org/10.15195/v2.a8

Logan J.R., Bellman B. (2016). Before The philadelphia negro: Residential segregation in a Nineteenth Century Northern City. Social Science History, 40(4), 683-706. Cambridge University Press.https://doi.org/10.1017/ssh.2016.27

Zhang W., Logan J.R. (2016). Global Neighborhoods: Beyond the Multiethnic Metropolis. Demography, 53(6), 1933-1953. Springer Science and Business Media, LLC.https://doi.org/10.1007/s13524-016-0516-4

Lichter D.T., Parisi D., Taquino M.C. (2016). Emerging Patterns of Hispanic Residential Segregation: Lessons from Rural and Small Town America. Rural Sociology, 81(4), 483-518. Rural Sociological Society.https://doi.org/10.1111/ruso.12108

Malega R., Stallings R.Y. (2016). Regional Differences in Affluent Black and Affluent White Residential Outcomes. Geographical Review, 106(1), 72-91. Wiley-Blackwell.https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1931-0846.2015.12134.x

Do D.P., Frank R., Iceland J. (2017). Black white metropolitan segregation and self rated health: Investigating the role of neighborhood poverty. Social Science and Medicine, 187(), 85-92. Elsevier Ltd.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2017.06.010

Kent S.L., Carmichael J.T. (2017). Municipal Law Enforcement Policy on Illegal Immigration Stops: Do Social Factors Determine How Aggressively Local Police Respond to Unauthorized Immigrants?. Sociological Inquiry, 87(3), 421-448. Blackwell Publishing Inc..https://doi.org/10.1111/soin.12155

Fossett M. (2017). Further Comments on Differences Between Displacement and Separation. Springer Series on Demographic Methods and Population Analysis, 42(), 117-138. Springer Science and Business Media B.V..https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-41304-4_8

Browning C.R., Calder C.A., Krivo L.J., Smith A.L., Boettner B. (2017). Socioeconomic segregation of activity spaces in urban neighborhoods: Does shared residence mean shared routines?. RSF, 3(2), 210-231. Russell Sage Foundation.https://doi.org/10.7758/rsf.2017.3.2.09

Anacker K., Niedt C., Kwon C. (2017). Analyzing segregation in mature and developing suburbs in the United States. Journal of Urban Affairs, 39(6), 819-832. Taylor and Francis Ltd..https://doi.org/10.1080/07352166.2017.1305730

Logan J.R., Zhang W., Oakley D. (2017). Court orders, white flight, and school district segregation, 1970 2010. Social Forces, 95(3), 1049-1075. Oxford University Press.https://doi.org/10.1093/sf/sow104

Wagmiller R.L., Jr., Gage-Bouchard E., Karraker A. (2017). Does Black Socioeconomic Mobility Explain Recent Progress Toward Black White Residential Integration?. Demography, 54(4), 1251-1275. Springer Science and Business Media, LLC.https://doi.org/10.1007/s13524-017-0593-z

Glayl M.G., Binti Othman W.M. (2018). Breaking the limitation of color: A postcolonial analysis of Richard Wright’s native son; [Rompiendo la limitación del color: Un análisis poscolonial del hijo nativo de Richard Wright]. Opcion, 34(85), 2601-2616. Universidad del Zulia.https://doi.org/

Roca J.D.L., Ellen I.G., Steil J. (2018). Does segregation matter for Latinos?. Journal of Housing Economics, 40(), 129-141. Academic Press Inc..https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhe.2017.10.003

Crowell A.R., Fossett M. (2018). White and Latino Locational Attainments: Assessing the Role of Race and Resources in U.S. Metropolitan Residential Segregation. Sociology of Race and Ethnicity, 4(4), 491-507. SAGE Publications Inc..https://doi.org/10.1177/2332649217748426

Williams A.D., Wallace M., Nobles C., Mendola P. (2018). Racial residential segregation and racial disparities in stillbirth in the United States. Health and Place, 51(), 208-216. Elsevier Ltd.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.healthplace.2018.04.005

Massey D.S., Tannen J. (2018). Suburbanization and segregation in the United States: 1970 2010. Ethnic and Racial Studies, 41(9), 1594-1611. Routledge.https://doi.org/10.1080/01419870.2017.1312010

Fiel J.E., Zhang Y. (2018). Three Dimensions of Change in School Segregation: A Grade Period Cohort Analysis. Demography, 55(1), 33-58. Springer Science and Business Media, LLC.https://doi.org/10.1007/s13524-017-0632-9

Hess C., Gabriel R., Leibbrand C., Crowder K. (2019). Does Hypersegregation Matter for Black White Socioeconomic Disparities?. Demography, 56(6), 2169-2191. Springer.https://doi.org/10.1007/s13524-019-00825-y

Light M.T., Thomas J.T. (2019). Segregation and Violence Reconsidered: Do Whites Benefit from Residential Segregation?. American Sociological Review, 84(4), 690-725. SAGE Publications Ltd.https://doi.org/10.1177/0003122419858731

Mehra R., Keene D.E., Kershaw T.S., Ickovics J.R., Warren J.L. (2019). Racial and ethnic disparities in adverse birth outcomes: Differences by racial residential segregation. SSM - Population Health, 8(), -. Elsevier Ltd.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssmph.2019.100417

Hall M., Iceland J., Yi Y. (2019). Racial Separation at Home and Work: Segregation in Residential and Workplace Settings. Population Research and Policy Review, 38(5), 671-694. Springer Netherlands.https://doi.org/10.1007/s11113-019-09510-9

Li H., Wei Y.D. (202). Spatial inequality of housing value changes since the financial crisis. Applied Geography, 115(), -. Elsevier Ltd.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apgeog.2019.102141

Richards M.P. (202). The racial/ethnic and socioeconomic dynamics of public school district secession, 1995 2015. Teachers College Record, 122(5), 1-20. Teachers College, Columbia University.https://doi.org/

Richards M.P., Stroub K.J. (202). Metropolitan public school district segregation by race and income, 2000 2011. Teachers College Record, 122(5), 21-41. Teachers College, Columbia University.https://doi.org/

Blatt L., Votruba-Drzal E. (2021). District Level School Choice and Racial/Ethnic Test Score Gaps. American Educational Research Journal, 58(6), 1178-1224. SAGE Publications Inc..https://doi.org/10.3102/0002831221999405

Clotfelter C.T., Ladd H.F., Clifton C.R., Turaeva M.R. (2021). School Segregation at the Classroom Level in a Southern ‘New Destination’ State. Race and Social Problems, 13(2), 131-160. Springer.https://doi.org/10.1007/s12552-020-09309-w

Elbers B. (2021). Trends in U.S. Residential Racial Segregation, 1990 to 2020. Socius, 7(), -. SAGE Publications Inc..https://doi.org/10.1177/23780231211053982

Galaskiewicz J., Anderson K.F., Thompson-Dyck K. (2021). Minority White income inequality across metropolitan areas: The role of racial/ethnic residential segregation and transportation networks. Journal of Urban Affairs, 43(1), 16-39. Taylor and Francis Ltd..https://doi.org/10.1080/07352166.2019.1660581

Kitchens K. (2021). Dividing Lines: The Role School District Boundaries Play in Spending Inequality for Public Education. Social Science Quarterly, 102(1), 468-491. Blackwell Publishing Ltd.https://doi.org/10.1111/ssqu.12886

Kitchens K.E. (2021). Exit or invest: Segregation increases investment in public schools. Journal of Politics, 83(1), 71-86. University of Chicago Press.https://doi.org/10.1086/708916

Haupert T. (2022). New Technology, Old Patterns: Fintech Lending, Metropolitan Segregation, and Subprime Credit. Race and Social Problems, 14(4), 293-307. Springer.https://doi.org/10.1007/s12552-021-09353-0

Fiel J.E. (2022). Opportunity Seeking Across Segregated Schools: Unintended Effects of Automatic Admission Policies on High School Segregation. Educational Evaluation and Policy Analysis, 44(3), 485-504. SAGE Publications Inc..https://doi.org/10.3102/01623737221078286

Smith R.M., Blizard Z.D. (2022). Does Municipal Incorporation Influence Levels of Black White Segregation? Evidence from Counties in the Southern United States, 1990 2010. Southeastern Geographer, 62(3), 253-270. University of North Carolina Press.https://doi.org/10.1353/sgo.2022.0028

[1] Date and country of first publication as informed by the Scopus database (December 2023).

[1]

Date and country of first publication[1]