Racial residential segregation

Date and country of first publication

1965
United States

Definition

Racial residential segregation refers to the separation of individuals of different races into different neighborhoods or residential areas. This phenomenon often occurs as a result of historical and systemic discrimination, as well as social and economic factors.

Racial segregation in residential areas can have negative impacts on individuals and communities, including limited access to quality education, healthcare, employment opportunities, and socioeconomic resources. It can also contribute to the perpetuation of racial inequalities and disparities in society.

Efforts to address racial residential segregation may include implementing fair housing policies, promoting inclusive and diverse neighborhoods, and addressing underlying factors such as poverty and discrimination. By creating more equitable and integrated communities, we can work towards a more just and inclusive society for all.

Synonyms

The following terms are synonymous with racial residential segregation:

race residential segregation; racialized residential segregation; residential racial segregation; residential racialized segregation.

References and literature addressing this segregation form under these synonymous terms can be found below.

Related segregation forms

Racial residential segregation is frequently discussed in the literature with the following segregation forms:

racial segregation, residential segregation, social segregation, spatial segregation, neighborhood segregation, housing segregation, socioeconomic residential segregation, school segregation, urban segregation, hispanic segregation, occupational segregation, ethnoracial segregation, black white segregation, socioeconomic segregation, local segregation, historical segregation

This visualization is based on the study The Multidisciplinary Landscape of Segregation Research.

For the complete network of interrelated segregation forms, please refer to:

• First year of publication

• Louvain clusters

• Betweenness centrality

• Disciplines in which segregation forms first emerged (Scopus database).

Notes

At its current state, this definition has been generated by a Large Language Model (LLM) so far without review by an independent researcher or a member of the curating team of segregation experts that keep the Segregation Wiki online. While we strive for accuracy, we cannot guarantee its reliability, completeness and timeliness. Please use this content with caution and verify information as needed. Also, feel free to improve on the definition as you see fit, including the use of references and other informational resources. We value your input in enhancing the quality and accuracy of the definitions of segregation forms collectively offered in the Segregation Wiki ©.

Racial residential segregation appears in the following literature

Miller L. (1965). The Protest Against Housing Segregation. The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 357(1), 73-79. https://doi.org/10.1177/000271626535700108

Taeuber K.E. (1968). The Effect of Income Redistribution On Racial Residential Segregation. Urban Affairs Review, 4(1), 5-14. https://doi.org/10.1177/107808746800400102

Lowry M., II (1972). Racial segregation: A geographical adaptation and analysis. Journal of Geography, 71(1), 28-40. https://doi.org/10.1080/00221347208981443

Brauer M.A., Adams J.S. (1974). Useful goal achievement measures: Zelder’s segregation indices. Journal of the American Planning Association, 40(6), 430-438. https://doi.org/10.1080/01944367408977501

Sørensen A., Taeuber K.E., Hollingsworth L.J., Jr. (1975). Indexes of racial residential segregation for 109 cities in the United States, 1940 to 1970. Sociological Focus, 8(2), 125-142. https://doi.org/10.1080/00380237.1975.10571422

Kelleher D.T. (1975). Neighborhood schools and racial residential segregation. Educational Forum, 39(2), 209-215. https://doi.org/10.1080/00131727509339055

Yinger J. (1976). Racial prejudice and racial residential segregation in an urban model. Journal of Urban Economics, 3(4), 383-396. https://doi.org/10.1016/0094-1190(76)90037-1

Farley R. (1977). Residential segregation in urbanized areas of the United States in 1970: An analysis of social class and racial differences. Demography, 14(4), 497-518. https://doi.org/10.2307/2060592

Farley R., Schuman H., Bianchi S., Colasanto D., Hatchett S. (1978). "Chocolate city, vanilla suburbs:" Will the trend toward racially separate communities continue?. Social Science Research, 7(4), 319-344. https://doi.org/10.1016/0049-089X(78)90017-0

Farley R., Bianchi S., Colasanto D. (1979). Barriers to the Racial Integration of Neighborhoods: The Detroit Case. The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 441(1), 97-113. https://doi.org/10.1177/000271627944100108

Taeuber K.E. (1979). Housing, Schools, and Incremental Segregative Effects. The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 441(1), 157-167. https://doi.org/10.1177/000271627944100112

Taylor D.G. (1979). Housing, Neighborhoods, and Race Relations: Recent Survey Evidence. The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 441(1), 26-40. https://doi.org/10.1177/000271627944100104

Fly J.W., Reinhart G.R. (198). Racial Separation during the 1970s: The Case of Birmingham. Social Forces, 58(4), 1255-1262. Oxford University Press.https://doi.org/10.1093/sf/58.4.1255

Clark W.A.V. (198). Residential mobility and neighborhood change: Some implications for racial residential segregation. Urban Geography, 1(2), 95-107. https://doi.org/10.2747/0272-3638.1.2.95

Roof W.C. (198). Southern birth and racial residential segregation: the case of northern cities ( USA).. American Journal of Sociology, 86(2), 350-358. https://doi.org/10.1086/227242

Streitwieser M.L., Goodman Jr. J.L. (1983). A survey of recent research on race and residential location. Population Research and Policy Review, 2(3), 253-283. Kluwer Academic Publishers.https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00157999

Bell P.A., Wade Smith A. (1985). Racial residential segregation in the sun belt. Social Indicators Research, 16(2), 181-193. Kluwer Academic Publishers.https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00574617

Stearns L.B., Logan J.R. (1986). Measuring trends in segregation: Three dimensions, three measures. Urban Affairs Review, 22(1), 124-150. https://doi.org/10.1177/004208168602200107

Pirie G.H. (1987). African township railways and the South African state, 1902 1963. Journal of Historical Geography, 13(3), 283-295. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0305-7488(87)80117-2

Galster G.C. (1987). Residential segregation and interracial economic disparities: A simultaneous equations approach. Journal of Urban Economics, 21(1), 22-44. https://doi.org/10.1016/0094-1190(87)90020-9

Darden J.T. (1987). Socioeconomic Status and Racial Residential Segregation: Blacks and Hispanics in Chicago. Comparative Sociology, 28(1-2), 1-13. https://doi.org/10.1163/156854287X00013

Galster G. (1988). Residential segregation in American cities: A contrary review. Population Research and Policy Review, 7(3), 93-112. Kluwer Academic Publishers.https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00125462

Frenkel S., Western J. (1988). Pretext or Prophylaxis? Racial Segregation and Malarial Mosquitos in a British Tropical Colony: Sierra Leone. Annals of the Association of American Geographers, 78(2), 211-228. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8306.1988.tb00203.x

Galster G.C., Keeney W.M. (1988). Race, residence, discrimination, and economic opportunity: Modeling the Nexus of Urban Racial Phenomena. Urban Affairs Review, 24(1), 87-117. https://doi.org/10.1177/004208168802400106

Pirie G.H. (1988). Housing essential service workers in Johannesburg: Locational constraint and conflict. Urban Geography, 9(6), 568-583. https://doi.org/10.2747/0272-3638.9.6.568

Christopher A.J. (1989). Calculating urban segregation levels in south africa. South African Journal of Sociology, 20(3), 169-175. https://doi.org/10.1080/02580144.1989.10432148

Dauskardt R.P.A. (1989). Local state, segregation and transport provision: The atteridgeville bus boycott, 1947. South African Geographical Journal, 71(2), 109-115. https://doi.org/10.1080/03736245.1989.9713518

Boswell T.D. (199). Hispanic segregation patterns in metropolitan Miami. Florida Geographer, 24(), 34-66. https://doi.org/

Butler E.W., Fukurai H. (1992). Computer aided evaluation of racial representation in jury selection. Computers, Environment and Urban Systems, 16(2), 131-155. https://doi.org/10.1016/0198-9715(92)90024-L

Messner S.F., South S.J. (1992). Interracial homicide: A macrostructural opportunity perspective. Sociological Forum, 7(3), 517-536. Kluwer Academic Publishers-Plenum Publishers.https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01117559

Downs A. (1992). Policy Directions Concerning Racial Discrimination in U.S. Housing Markets. Housing Policy Debate, 3(2), 685-745. https://doi.org/10.1080/10511482.1992.9521106

Peterson R.D., Krivo L.J. (1993). Racial segregation and black urban homicide. Social Forces, 71(4), 1001-1026. https://doi.org/10.1093/sf/71.4.1001

Maharaj B., Mpungose J. (1994). The erosion of residential segregation in South Africa: The 'greying' of Albert Park in Durban. Geoforum, 25(1), 19-32. https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-7185(94)90003-5

Logan J.R., Alba R.D., Leung S.-Y. (1996). Minority access to white suburbs: A multiregional comparison. Social Forces, 74(3), 851-881. University of North Carolina Press.https://doi.org/10.1093/sf/74.3.851

Bobo L., Zubrinsky C.L. (1996). Attitudes on residential integration: Perceived status differences, mere in group preference, or racial prejudice?. Social Forces, 74(3), 883-909. University of North Carolina Press.https://doi.org/10.1093/sf/74.3.883

Fong E. (1996). A comparative perspective on racial residential segregation: American and canadian experiences. Sociological Quarterly, 37(2), 199-226. University of California Press.https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1533-8525.1996.tb01746.x

Zubrinsky C.L., Bobo L. (1996). Prismatic metropolis: Race and residential segregation in the city of the angels. Social Science Research, 25(4), 335-374. Academic Press Inc..https://doi.org/10.1006/ssre.1996.0016

Iceland J. (1997). Urban labor markets and individual transitions out of poverty. Demography, 34(3), 429-441. Duke University Press.https://doi.org/10.2307/3038295

Darden J.T., Bagaka's J.G., Ji S.-J. (1997). Racial residential segregation and the concentration of low and high income households in the 45 largest U.S. metropolitan areas. Journal of Developing Societies, 13(2), X-194. https://doi.org/

Fang J., Madhavan S., Bosworth W., Alderman M.H. (1998). Residential segregation and mortality in New York City. Social Science and Medicine, 47(4), 469-476. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0277-9536(98)00128-2

Gotham K.F. (1998). Blind faith in the free market: Urban Poverty, Residential Segregation, and Federal Housing Retrenchment, 1970 1995. Sociological Inquiry, 68(1), 1-31. Chinese Corporation for Promotion of Humanities.https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-682X.1998.tb00452.x

Krivo L.J., Peterson R.D., Rizzo H., Reynolds J.R. (1998). Race, segregation, and the concentration of disadvantage: 1980 1990. Social Problems, 45(1), 61-79. University of California Press.https://doi.org/10.2307/3097143

Collins C.A., Williams D.R. (1999). Segregation and mortality: The deadly effects of racism?. Sociological Forum, 14(3), 495-523. Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers.https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1021403820451

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Peterson R.D., Krivo L.J. (1999). Racial segregation, the concentration of disadvantage, and black and white homicide victimization. Sociological Forum, 14(3), 465-493. Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers.https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1021451703612

Krivo L.J., Kaufman R.L. (1999). How low can it go? Declining black white segregation in a multiethnic context. Demography, 36(1), 93-109. Duke University Press.https://doi.org/10.2307/2648136

Young I.M. (1999). Residential segregation and differentiated citizenship. Citizenship Studies, 3(2), 237-252. Carfax Publishing Company.https://doi.org/10.1080/13621029908420712

Stoll M.A., Raphael S. (2). Racial differences in spatial job search patterns: Exploring the causes and consequences. Economic Geography, 76(3), 201-223. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1944-8287.2000.tb00141.x

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St. John C., Clymer R. (2). Racial residential segregation by level of socioeconomic status. Social Science Quarterly, 81(3), 701-715. Blackwell Publishing Inc..https://doi.org/

Gotham K.F. (2). Urban space, restrictive covenants and the origins of racial residential segregation in a US city, 1900 50. International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, 24(3), 616-633. Blackwell Publishing Ltd.https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-2427.00268

Emerson M.O., Yancey G., Chai K.J. (2001). Does race matter in residential segregation? Exploring the preferences of White Americans. American Sociological Review, 66(6), 922-935. American Sociological Association.https://doi.org/10.2307/3088879

Charles C.Z. (2003). The Dynamics of Racial Residential Segregation. Annual Review of Sociology, 29(), 167-207. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.soc.29.010202.100002

Charles C.Z. (2003). Processes of racial residential segregation. Urban Inequality: Evidence From Four Cities, 217-271. Russell Sage Foundation.https://doi.org/

Armstrong D.L., Strogatz D., Wang R. (2004). United States coronary mortality trends and community services associated with occupational structure, among blacks and whites, 1984 1998. Social Science and Medicine, 58(11), 2349-2361. Elsevier Ltd.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2003.08.030

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Parker K.F. (2004). Industrial shift, polarized labor markets and urban violence: Modeling the dynamics between the economic transformation and disaggregated homicide. Criminology, 42(3), 619-646. American Society of Criminology.https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-9125.2004.tb00531.x

Subramanian S.V., Acevedo-Garcia D., Osypuk T.L. (2005). Racial residential segregation and geographic heterogeneity in black/white disparity in poor self rated health in the US: A multilevel statistical analysis. Social Science and Medicine, 60(8), 1667-1679. Elsevier Ltd.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2004.08.040

Dawkins C.J. (2005). Evidence on the intergenerational persistence of residential segregation by race. Urban Studies, 42(3), 545-555. https://doi.org/10.1080/00420980500035725

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Bell J.F., Zimmerman F.J., Almgren G.R., Mayer J.D., Huebner C.E. (2006). Birth outcomes among urban African American women: A multilevel analysis of the role of racial residential segregation. Social Science and Medicine, 63(12), 3030-3045. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2006.08.011

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Chang V.W. (2006). Racial residential segregation and weight status among US adults. Social Science and Medicine, 63(5), 1289-1303. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2006.03.049

Reardon S.F., Yun J.T., Kurlaender M. (2006). Implications of income based school assignment policies for racial school segregation. Educational Evaluation and Policy Analysis, 28(1), 49-75. https://doi.org/10.3102/01623737028001049

Mouw T., Entwisle B. (2006). Residential segregation and interracial friendship in schools. American Journal of Sociology, 112(2), 394-441. https://doi.org/10.1086/506415

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Bischoff K. (2008). School district fragmentation and racial residential segregation: How do boundaries matter?. Urban Affairs Review, 44(2), 182-217. https://doi.org/10.1177/1078087408320651

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