Occupational sex segregation

Date and country of first publication

1975
Canada; United States

Definition

Occupational sex segregation refers to the concentration of men and women in different occupations, with women being more likely to work in traditionally feminine jobs and men being more likely to work in traditionally masculine jobs. This segregation contributes to gender inequality in the labor market.

There are several factors that contribute to occupational sex segregation. These include societal gender norms and stereotypes that shape career choices and expectations, discrimination and bias in hiring and promotion practices, differences in education and training opportunities, and work-family balance considerations.

Occupational sex segregation has significant implications for gender equality and economic opportunities. It often leads to lower wages and fewer advancement opportunities for women, as jobs that are predominantly done by women tend to be undervalued and receive lower pay. Additionally, occupational sex segregation can perpetuate traditional gender roles and limit individuals' freedom to choose careers based on their interests and abilities rather than societal expectations.

Efforts to address occupational sex segregation include promoting gender equality in education and training, implementing policies to reduce discrimination in recruitment and promotion processes, and encouraging greater work-life balance for both men and women. These efforts aim to create a more inclusive and diverse labor market, where individuals have equal opportunities for employment and advancement regardless of their gender.

Synonyms

The following terms are synonymous with occupational sex segregation:

occupational sexual segregation; sex occupational segregation.

References and literature addressing this segregation form under these synonymous terms can be found below.

Related segregation forms

Occupational sex segregation is frequently discussed in the literature with the following segregation forms:

sex segregation, occupational segregation, gender segregation, occupational gender segregation, vertical segregation, job segregation, horizontal sex segregation, horizontal segregation

This visualization is based on the study The Multidisciplinary Landscape of Segregation Research.

For the complete network of interrelated segregation forms, please refer to:

• First year of publication

• Louvain clusters

• Betweenness centrality

• Disciplines in which segregation forms first emerged (Scopus database).

Notes

At its current state, this definition has been generated by a Large Language Model (LLM) so far without review by an independent researcher or a member of the curating team of segregation experts that keep the Segregation Wiki online. While we strive for accuracy, we cannot guarantee its reliability, completeness and timeliness. Please use this content with caution and verify information as needed. Also, feel free to improve on the definition as you see fit, including the use of references and other informational resources. We value your input in enhancing the quality and accuracy of the definitions of segregation forms collectively offered in the Segregation Wiki ©.

Occupational sex segregation appears in the following literature

MARSDEN L., HARVEY E., CHARNER I. (1975). Female graduates: their occupational mobility and attainments. Canadian Review of Sociology/Revue canadienne de sociologie, 12(4), 385-405. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1755-618X.1975.tb00545.x

Schnepper J.A. (1977). Occupational Sexual Segregation and the Unemployment Vortex. Business & Society, 17(2), 5-10. https://doi.org/10.1177/000765037701700201

Rosenfeld R.A., Størensen A.B. (1979). Sex differences in patterns of career mobility. Demography, 16(1), 89-101. Springer-Verlag.https://doi.org/10.2307/2061081

Burris V., Wharton A. (1982). Sex segregation in the U.S. labor force. Review of Radical Political Economics, 14(3), 43-56. https://doi.org/10.1177/048661348201400304

England P. (1984). Wage appreciation and depreciation: A test of neoclassical economic explanations of occupational sex segregation. Social Forces, 62(3), 726-749. https://doi.org/10.1093/sf/62.3.726

Levy D.E., Miller R.K., Jr., Willis C.L. (1984). Social and Economic Structural Antecedents of Fertility. Sociological Inquiry, 54(1), 26-43. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-682X.1984.tb00043.x

Bianchi S.M., Rytina N. (1986). The decline in occupational sex segregation during the 19705: census and cps comparisons. Demography, 23(1), 79-86. https://doi.org/10.2307/2061409

Eccles J.S. (1987). Gender roles and women's achievement related decisions. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 11(2), 135-172. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-6402.1987.tb00781.x

Smart J.C., Ethington C.A. (1987). Occupational sex segregation and job satisfaction of women. Research in Higher Education, 26(2), 202-211. Kluwer Academic Publishers.https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00992029

Stevens G., Hoisington E. (1987). Occupational prestige and the 1980 U.S. labor force. Social Science Research, 16(1), 74-105. https://doi.org/10.1016/0049-089X(87)90019-6

Gupta P.D. (1987). Comment on suzanne M. Bianchi and Nancy Rytina's "the decline in occupational sex segregation during the 1970s: Census and CPs comparisons". Demography, 24(2), 291-295. https://doi.org/10.2307/2061636

Monk‐Turner E., Baba Y. (1987). Gender and College Opportunities: Changes Over Time in the United States and Japan. Sociological Inquiry, 57(3), 292-303. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-682X.1987.tb01047.x

KARMEL T., MACLACHLAN M. (1988). Occupational Sex Segregation Increasing or Decreasing?. Economic Record, 64(3), 187-195. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-4932.1988.tb02057.x

Bell C.S. (1988). Organizational Influences on Women's Experience in the Superintendency. Peabody Journal of Education, 65(4), 31-59. https://doi.org/10.1080/01619568809538620

McIlwee J.S. (1988). Reducing occupational sex segregation: Explaining failure and success. Sociological Focus, 21(1), 33-51. https://doi.org/10.1080/00380237.1988.10570967

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Gwartney-Gibbs P.A. (1988). Sex Segregation in the Paid Workforce: The New Zealand Case. Journal of Sociology, 24(2), 264-278. https://doi.org/10.1177/144078338802400205

Johnston-Anumonwo I. (1988). The journey to work and occupational segregation. Urban Geography, 9(2), 138-154. https://doi.org/10.2747/0272-3638.9.2.138

Jacobs J.A. (1989). Long term trends in occupational segregation by sex. American Journal of Sociology, 95(1), 160-173. https://doi.org/10.1086/229217

Stafford M.T., Fossett M.A. (1989). Occupational sex inequality in the nonmetropolitan South, 1960 1980. Rural Sociology, 54(2), 169-194. https://doi.org/

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Glass J. (199). The Impact of Occupational Segregation on Working Conditions. Social Forces, 68(3), 779-796. https://doi.org/10.1093/sf/68.3.779

Putnam G.W. (199). OCCUPATIONAL SEX SEGREGATION AND ECONOMIC INEQUALITY UNDER SOCIALISM: Earnings Attainment and Earnings Decomposition in Yugoslavia. Sociological Quarterly, 31(1), 59-75. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1533-8525.1990.tb00317.x

Lorence J. (1991). Growth in service sector employment and msa gender earnings inequality: 1970 1980. Social Forces, 69(3), 763-783. https://doi.org/10.1093/sf/69.3.763

Neuman S. (1991). Occupational Sex Segregation in the Kibbutz: Principles and Practice. Kyklos, 44(2), 203-219. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6435.1991.tb02097.x

Neuman S. (1991). The marriage market and occupational sex segregation: A "new home economics" approach. Journal of Socio-Economics, 20(4), 347-358. https://doi.org/10.1016/1053-5357(91)90010-Q

Kane M.J., Stangl J.M. (1991). Employment Patterns of Female Coaches in Men's Athletics: Tokenism and Marginalization as Reflections of Occupational Sex Segregation. Journal of Sport & Social Issues, 15(1), 21-41. https://doi.org/10.1177/019372359101500102

Presser H.B., Kishor S. (1991). Economic development and occupational sex segregation in Puerto Rico: 1950 80. Population & Development Review, 17(1), 53-85. https://doi.org/10.2307/1972352

Lyson T.A. (1991). Industrial shifts, occupational recomposition, and the changing sexual division of labor in the five largest U.S. cities: 1910 1930. Sociological Forum, 6(1), 157-177. Kluwer Academic Publishers-Plenum Publishers.https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01112732

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Watts M.J., Rich J. (1992). Occupational sex segregation in the UK 1979 89: The role of part time employment*. International Review of Applied Economics, 6(3), 286-308. https://doi.org/10.1080/758534263

WATTS M.J., RICH J. (1992). LABOUR MARKET SEGMENTATION AND THE PERSISTENCE OF OCCUPATIONAL SEX SEGREGATION IN AUSTRALIA. Australian Economic Papers, 31(58), 58-76. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8454.1992.tb00555.x

Kelley K., Streeter D. (1992). Chapter 10 the roles of gender in organizations. Advances in Psychology, 82(C), 285-337. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0166-4115(08)62606-0

Duncan K.C., Prus M.J. (1992). Starting wages of women in female and male occupations: A test of the human capital explanation of occupational sex segregation. The Social Science Journal, 29(4), 479-493. https://doi.org/10.1016/0362-3319(92)90008-6

Rosenfeld R.A., Spenner K.I. (1992). Occupational Sex Segregation and Women's Early Career Job Shifts. Work and Occupations, 19(4), 424-449. https://doi.org/10.1177/0730888492019004005

Lorence J. (1992). Service Sector Growth and Metropolitan Occupational Sex Segregation. Work and Occupations, 19(2), 128-156. https://doi.org/10.1177/0730888492019002002

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Charles M. (1992). Cross national variation in occupational sex segregation. American Sociological Review, 57(4), 483-502. https://doi.org/10.2307/2096096

England P., Browne I. (1992). Trends in Women's Economic Status. Sociological Perspectives, 35(1), 17-51. https://doi.org/10.2307/1389367

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