Class segregation

Date and country of first publication

1965
United States

Definition

Class segregation refers to the separation of people into different social classes based on factors such as income, wealth, occupation, and education. It is a form of social stratification where individuals or groups are segregated or separated based on their social class.

Class segregation can manifest in various ways, including residential segregation, educational segregation, and occupational segregation. Residential segregation occurs when people of different social classes live in separate neighborhoods or areas, with higher-income individuals living in wealthier neighborhoods and lower-income individuals living in economically disadvantaged areas.

Educational segregation refers to the unequal distribution of educational resources and opportunities based on social class. This can result in disparities in the quality of education and opportunities available to different social classes.

Occupational segregation occurs when certain occupations or industries are dominated by individuals from specific social classes. This can result in limited mobility and opportunities for individuals from lower social classes to move up the social ladder.

Class segregation can perpetuate social inequalities and limit social mobility. It can contribute to the perpetuation of wealth and income disparities, as well as reinforce social hierarchies. It also affects individuals' access to resources, opportunities, and social networks, which can further impact their economic and social well-being.

Efforts to address class segregation include policies aimed at reducing income inequality, improving access to quality education for all, and promoting inclusive and diverse workplaces.

Synonyms

The following terms are synonymous with class segregation:

class based segregation; .

References and literature addressing this segregation form under these synonymous terms can be found below.

Related segregation forms

Class segregation is frequently discussed in the literature with the following segregation forms:

residential segregation, racial segregation, social segregation, spatial segregation, occupational segregation, socioeconomic residential segregation, racial residential segregation, ethnoracial segregation, employment segregation, ethnic segregation, socioeconomic segregation, school segregation, academic segregation, de jure segregation, ethnic residential segregation, economic segregation

This visualization is based on the study The Multidisciplinary Landscape of Segregation Research.

For the complete network of interrelated segregation forms, please refer to:

• First year of publication

• Louvain clusters

• Betweenness centrality

• Disciplines in which segregation forms first emerged (Scopus database).

Notes

At its current state, this definition has been generated by a Large Language Model (LLM) so far without review by an independent researcher or a member of the curating team of segregation experts that keep the Segregation Wiki online. While we strive for accuracy, we cannot guarantee its reliability, completeness and timeliness. Please use this content with caution and verify information as needed. Also, feel free to improve on the definition as you see fit, including the use of references and other informational resources. We value your input in enhancing the quality and accuracy of the definitions of segregation forms collectively offered in the Segregation Wiki ©.

Class segregation appears in the following literature

Schnore L.F. (1965). Social class segregation among nonwhites in metropolitan centers. Demography, 2(1), 126-133. https://doi.org/10.2307/2060110

Marston W.G. (1969). Socioeconomic differentiation within negro areas of american cities. Social Forces, 48(2), 65-76. https://doi.org/10.1093/sf/48.2.165

Marston W.G. (1969). Social Class Segregation within Ethnic Groups in Toronto. Canadian Review of Sociology/Revue canadienne de sociologie, 6(2), 65-79. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1755-618X.1969.tb02296.x

Porteous J.D. (1974). Social class in atacama company towns. Annals of the Association of American Geographers, 64(3), 409-417. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8306.1974.tb00989.x

Farley R. (1977). Residential segregation in urbanized areas of the United States in 1970: An analysis of social class and racial differences. Demography, 14(4), 497-518. https://doi.org/10.2307/2060592

Villemez W.J. (198). Race, Class, and Neighborhood: Differences in the Residential Return on Individual Resources. Social Forces, 59(2), 414-430. Oxford University Press.https://doi.org/10.1093/sf/59.2.414

Schneider M., Logan J.R. (1981). Fiscal Implications of Class Segregation: Inequalities in the Distribution of Public Goods and Services in Suburban Municipalities. Urban Affairs Review, 17(1), 23-36. https://doi.org/10.1177/004208168101700102

Elgie R.A., Clark A.R. (1981). Social Class Segregation in Southern Metropolitan Areas. Urban Affairs Review, 16(3), 299-316. https://doi.org/10.1177/107808748101600303

O'Loughlin J. (1983). Spatial inequalities in Western cities: A comparison of North American and German urban areas. Social Indicators Research, 13(2), 185-212. Kluwer Academic Publishers.https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00344090

Harris R. (1984). A Political Chameleon: Class Segregation in Kingston, Ontario, 1961 1976. Annals of the Association of American Geographers, 74(3), 454-476. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8306.1984.tb01467.x

Sillince J.A.A. (1985). The Housing Market of the Budapest Urban Region 1949 1983. Urban Studies, 22(2), 141-149. https://doi.org/10.1080/00420988520080221

Reade E. (1985). Britain and Sweden: premature obsolescence of housing.. Scandinavian Housing & Planning Research, 2(1), 27-43. https://doi.org/10.1080/02815738508730057

Willms J.D. (1986). Social class segregation and its relationship to pupils' examination results in Scotland.. American Sociological Review, 51(2), 224-241. https://doi.org/10.2307/2095518

Chinn C. (1988). Was separate schooling a means of class segregation in late Victorian and Edwardian birmingham?. Midland History, 13(1), 95-112. https://doi.org/10.1179/mdh.1988.13.1.95

Nesslein T.S. (1988). Urban decay and the premature obsolescence of housing: A cross country examination of the basic economic determinants. Scandinavian Housing and Planning Research, 5(4), 209-223. https://doi.org/10.1080/02815738808730166

Nesslein T.S. (1988). Urban decay and the premature obsolescence of housing: A cross country examination of the basic economic determinants. Scandinavian Housing and Planning Research, 5(4), 209-223. https://doi.org/10.1080/02815738808730166

Massey D.S. (199). American apartheid: segregation and the making of the underclass. American Journal of Sociology, 96(2), 329-357. https://doi.org/10.1086/229532

Fielding E., Taeuber K. (1992). Spatial isolation of a black underclass: An American case study. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 19(1), 113-127. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369183X.1992.9976346

Lawrence H.W. (1993). The Greening of the Squares of London: Transformation of Urban Landscapes and Ideals. Annals of the Association of American Geographers, 83(1), 90-118. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8306.1993.tb01924.x

Ambler J.S. (1994). Who benefits from educational choice? some evidence from Europe. Journal of Policy Analysis and Management, 13(3), 454-476. https://doi.org/10.2307/3325386

Hiebert D. (1995). The social geography of Toronto in 1931: A study of residential differentiation and social structure. Journal of Historical Geography, 21(1), 55-74. https://doi.org/10.1016/0305-7488(95)90007-1

Morrill R. (1995). Racial Segregation and Class in a Liberal Metropolis. Geographical Analysis, 27(1), 22-41. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1538-4632.1995.tb00334.x

Willms J.D., Paterson L. (1995). A multilevel model for community segregation. The Journal of Mathematical Sociology, 20(1), 23-40. https://doi.org/10.1080/0022250X.1995.9990150

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Sims M. (1999). High status residential segregation among racial and ethnic groups in five metro areas, 1980 1990. Social Science Quarterly, 80(3), 556-573. https://doi.org/

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Hutchens R. (2004). One measure of segregation. International Economic Review, 45(2), 555-578. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2354.2004.00136.x

Wyly E.K., Hammel D.J. (2004). Gentrification, segregation, and discrimination in the American urban system. Environment and Planning A, 36(7), 1215-1241. https://doi.org/10.1068/a3610

Fielding A.J. (2004). Class and space: Social segregation in Japanese cities. Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers, 29(1), 64-84. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0020-2754.2004.00114.x

Fischer C.S., Stockmayer G., Stiles J., Hout M. (2004). Distinguishing the geographic levels and social dimensions of U.S. metropolitan segregation, 1960 2000. Demography, 41(1), 37-59. Duke University Press.https://doi.org/10.1353/dem.2004.0002

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Motevasel I.N. (2006). Senior housing in Sweden A question of class differences and collective aging: An interview study in rental apartments and housing cooperatives. Journal of Housing for the Elderly, 20(3), 77-93. https://doi.org/10.1300/J081v20n03_06

Croxford L., Paterson L. (2006). Trends in social class segregation between schools in England, Wales and Scotland since 1984. Research Papers in Education, 21(4), 381-406. https://doi.org/10.1080/02671520600942388

Strait J.B. (2006). Poverty concentration in the prismatic metropolis: The impact of compositional and redistributive forces within Los Angeles, California, 1990 2000. Journal of Urban Affairs, 28(1), 71-94. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0735-2166.2006.00260.x

Chakravarty S.R., Silber J. (2007). A generalized index of employment segregation. Mathematical social sciences, 53(2), 185-195. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mathsocsci.2006.11.003

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Álvarez-Rivadulla M.J. (2007). Golden ghettos: Gated communities and class residential segregation in Montevideo, Uruguay. Environment and Planning A, 39(1), 47-63. https://doi.org/10.1068/a38469

McCarty D. (2008). The impact of public housing policy on family social work theory and practice. Journal of Family Social Work, 11(1), 74-88. https://doi.org/10.1080/10522150802007329

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Nelson T.J. (2009). At ease with our own kind: Worship practices and class segregation in American religion. International Studies in Religion and Society, 7(), 45-68. Brill Academic Publishers.https://doi.org/

Hutchens R. (2009). Occupational segregation with economic disadvantage: An investigation of decomposable indexes. Research on Economic Inequality, 17(), 99-120. https://doi.org/10.1108/S1049-2585(2009)0000017008

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