De jure segregation

Date and country of first publication

1988
united kingdom

Definition

{NoteAI} De jure segregation refers to segregation that is mandated by law or government policies. This type of segregation is typically enforced through laws that require certain groups to be separated based on their race, ethnicity, or other characteristics. De jure segregation was commonly practiced in the United States prior to the Civil Rights Movement, with laws such as the Jim Crow laws enforcing segregation between white and black individuals in public spaces, schools, and housing. These laws have since been overturned, but de facto segregation - segregation that occurs without government mandate - still persists in many areas.

Further reading

Smith S.J. (1988) "Political interpretations of "racial segregation' in Britain", Environment & Planning D: Society & Space, 6(4), pp. 423-444. . DOI: [htttp://doi.org/10.1068/d060423 10.1068/d060423]

Mack K.W. (1999) "Law, society, identity, and the making of the Jim Crow South: Travel and segregation on Tennessee railroads, 1875 1905", Law and Social Inquiry, 24(2), pp. 377-409. Blackwell Publishing Inc.. DOI: [htttp://doi.org/10.1111/j.1747-4469.1999.tb00134.x 10.1111/j.1747-4469.1999.tb00134.x]

Walker V.S. (2000) "Valued segregated schools for African American children in the south, 1935 1969: A review of common themes and characteristics", Review of Educational Research, 70(3), pp. 253-285. American Educational Research Association. DOI: [htttp://doi.org/10.3102/00346543070003253 10.3102/00346543070003253]

Whitaker C. (2003) ""Creative conflict": Lincoln and Eleanor Ragsdale, collaboration, and community activism in Phoenix, 1953 1965", Western Historical Quarterly, 34(2), pp. 165-190. Western History Association. DOI: [htttp://doi.org/10.2307/25047255 10.2307/25047255]

Lassiter M.D. (2004) "The suburban origins of "color blind" conservatism: Middle class consciousness in the Charlotte busing crisis", Journal of Urban History, 30(4), pp. 549-582. . DOI: [htttp://doi.org/10.1177/0096144204263812 10.1177/0096144204263812]

Perry I. (2004) "DISMANTLING THE HOUSE OF PLESSY: A PRIVATE LAW STUDY OF RACE IN CULTURAL AND LEGAL HISTORY WITH CONTEMPORARY RESONANCES", Studies in Law Politics and Society, 33(), pp. 91-159. . DOI: [htttp://doi.org/10.1016/S1059-4337(04)33004-8 10.1016/S1059-4337(04)33004-8]

Mawdsley R.D. (2004) "A legal history of Brown and a look to the future", Education and Urban Society, 36(3), pp. 245-254. . DOI: [htttp://doi.org/10.1177/0013124504264095 10.1177/0013124504264095]

Russo C.; Perkins B. (2004) "An American perspective on equal educational opportunities", Perspectives in Education, 22(3), pp. 29-36. . DOI: [htttp://doi.org/ ]

Moore J.R. (2004) "50 years after brown: Segregation in the miami dade county public schools", Equity and Excellence in Education, 37(3), pp. 289-301. . DOI: [htttp://doi.org/10.1080/10665680490491029 10.1080/10665680490491029]

Walker V.S. (2005) "Organized resistance and black educators' quest for school equality, 1878 1938", Teachers College Record, 107(3), pp. 355-388. Teachers College, Columbia University. DOI: [htttp://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9620.2005.00480.x 10.1111/j.1467-9620.2005.00480.x]

Fultz M. (2006) "Black public libraries in the South in the era of de Jure segregation", Libraries and the Cultural Record, 41(3), pp. 337-359. University of Texas Press. DOI: [htttp://doi.org/10.1353/lac.2006.0042 10.1353/lac.2006.0042]

Donahoo S. (2006) "Derailing Desegregation: Legal efforts to end racial segregation in higher education before and after brown", Equity and Excellence in Education, 39(4), pp. 291-301. . DOI: [htttp://doi.org/10.1080/10665680600925253 10.1080/10665680600925253]

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Fischbach J.; Rhee W.; Cacace R. (2008) "Race at the pivot point: The future of race based policies to remedy de jure segregation after parents involved in community schools", Harvard Civil Rights-Civil Liberties Law Review, 43(2), pp. 491-538. . DOI: [htttp://doi.org/ ]

Menchaca M. (2008) "Latinas/os and the Mestizo Racial Heritage of Mexican Americans", A Companion to Latina/o Studies, 311-324. Wiley Blackwell. DOI: [htttp://doi.org/10.1002/9781405177603.ch28 10.1002/9781405177603.ch28]

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Rivkin S. (2009) "Desegregation, Academic Achievement and Earnings", International Encyclopedia of Education, Third Edition, 394-401. Elsevier. DOI: [htttp://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-08-044894-7.01238-0 10.1016/B978-0-08-044894-7.01238-0]

Norman B. (2010) "Neo segregation narratives: Jim Crow in post civil rights American literature", Neo-Segregation Narratives: Jim Crow in Post-Civil Rights American Literature, 1-214. University of Georgia Press. DOI: [htttp://doi.org/ ]

Rivkin S. (2010) "Desegregation, academic achievement and earnings", International Encyclopedia of Education, 394-401. Elsevier Ltd. DOI: [htttp://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-08-044894-7.01238-0 10.1016/B978-0-08-044894-7.01238-0]

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Clark W. (2012) "Residential segregation and education", International Encyclopedia of Housing and Home, 100-104. Elsevier. DOI: [htttp://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-08-047163-1.00035-7 10.1016/B978-0-08-047163-1.00035-7]

Donato R.; Hanson J.S. (2012) "Legally white, socially "mexican": The politics of de jure and de facto school segregation in the American Southwest", Harvard Educational Review, 82(2), pp. 202-225. Harvard University. DOI: [htttp://doi.org/10.17763/haer.82.2.a562315u72355106 10.17763/haer.82.2.a562315u72355106]

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Kohn M. (2018) "(De)segregation: The impact of De facto and de jure segregation on African American English in the New South", Language Variety in the New South: Contemporary Perspectives on Change and Variation, 223-240. University of North Carolina Press. DOI: [htttp://doi.org/ ]

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Houchen D.F. (2020) "An “Organized Body of Intelligent Agents,” Black Teacher Activism during De Jure Segregation: A Historical Case Study of The Florida State Teachers Association", Journal of Negro Education, 89(3), pp. 267-281. Howard University. DOI: [htttp://doi.org/ ]

Clark J.B. (2021) "FROM MASSIVE RESISTANCE TO QUIET EVASION: THE STRUGGLE FOR EDUCATIONAL EQUITY AND INTEGRATION IN VIRGINIA", Virginia Law Review, 107(5), pp. 1115-1164. University of Virginia. DOI: [htttp://doi.org/ ]

Reza F. (2021) "De facto segregation and the digital divide", Handbook of Research on Barriers for Teaching 21st-Century Competencies and the Impact of Digitalization, 145-160. IGI Global. DOI: [htttp://doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-6967-2.ch008 10.4018/978-1-7998-6967-2.ch008]

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