Urban segregation

Date and country of first publication

1978
United Kingdom

Definition

Urban segregation refers to the separation of different racial or ethnic groups within urban areas. It can also be based on socioeconomic factors such as income and education levels. This separation can be seen in various aspects of urban life, including residential neighborhoods, schools, and access to amenities and services.

Historically, urban segregation has been enforced through policies such as redlining, which denied certain groups access to housing loans and restricted them to specific neighborhoods. This has led to the concentration of poverty and limited opportunities for social and economic mobility for disadvantaged communities.

Urban segregation has lasting consequences on the quality of life and opportunities available to different groups. It perpetuates inequalities and creates a cycle of poverty, limited educational attainment, and restricted access to healthcare and other resources. It also contributes to social and cultural divisions and inhibits the formation of diverse and inclusive urban communities.

Efforts to address urban segregation include policies that promote fair housing and equitable access to resources, as well as investments in infrastructure and community development in disadvantaged areas. However, addressing urban segregation requires a comprehensive approach that tackles systemic inequalities and discrimination in order to create truly inclusive and integrated urban environments.

Related segregation forms

Urban segregation is frequently discussed in the literature with the following segregation forms:

social segregation, residential segregation, racial segregation, socioeconomic segregation, spatial segregation, sociospatial segregation, intrablack segregation, urban residential segregation, linguistic segregation, residential sociospatial segregation, vertical segregation, ethnic segregation, self segregation, school segregation

This visualization is based on the study The Multidisciplinary Landscape of Segregation Research.

For the complete network of interrelated segregation forms, please refer to:

• First year of publication

• Louvain clusters

• Betweenness centrality

• Disciplines in which segregation forms first emerged (Scopus database).

Notes

At its current state, this definition has been generated by a Large Language Model (LLM) so far without review by an independent researcher or a member of the curating team of segregation experts that keep the Segregation Wiki online. While we strive for accuracy, we cannot guarantee its reliability, completeness and timeliness. Please use this content with caution and verify information as needed. Also, feel free to improve on the definition as you see fit, including the use of references and other informational resources. We value your input in enhancing the quality and accuracy of the definitions of segregation forms collectively offered in the Segregation Wiki ©.

Urban segregation appears in the following literature

Rich P.B. (1978). Ministering to the white man’s needs: The development of urban segregation in south africa 1913 1923. African Studies, 37(2), 177-192. https://doi.org/10.1080/00020187808707518

Johnston R.J. (1981). Local government, suburban segregation and litigation in u.s. metropolitan areas. Journal of American Studies, 15(2), 211-229. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0021875800008331

Farley J.E. (1983). Metropolitan housing segregation in 1980: The St. Louis Case. Urban Affairs Review, 18(3), 347-359. https://doi.org/10.1177/004208168301800304

Preteceille E. (1986). Collective consumption, urban segregation, and social classes.. Environment & Planning D: Society & Space, 4(2), 145-154. https://doi.org/10.1068/d040145

Christopher A.J. (1988). Roots of urban segregation: South Africa at Union, 1910. Journal of Historical Geography, 14(2), 151-169. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0305-7488(88)80179-8

Parnell S. (1988). Public housing as a device for white residential segregation in Johannesburg, 1934 1953. Urban Geography, 9(6), 584-602. https://doi.org/10.2747/0272-3638.9.6.584

Parnell S. (1988). Racial segregation in johannesburg: the slums act, 1934 1939. South African Geographical Journal, 70(2), 112-126. https://doi.org/10.1080/03736245.1988.10559763

Christopher A.J. (1989). Apartheid within apartheid: An assessment of official intra black segregation on the witwatersrand, south africa. Professional Geographer, 41(3), 328-336. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0033-0124.1989.00328.x

Christopher A.J. (1989). Calculating urban segregation levels in south africa. South African Journal of Sociology, 20(3), 169-175. https://doi.org/10.1080/02580144.1989.10432148

Baines G. (199). The origins of urban segregation: Local government and the residence of Africans in Port Elizabeth, c.1835 1865. South African Historical Journal, 22(1), 61-81. https://doi.org/10.1080/02582479008671655

Christopher A.J. (199). Apartheid and Urban Segregation Levels in South Africa. Urban Studies, 27(3), 421-440. https://doi.org/10.1080/00420989020080361

Green R.D., Reidy J.P. (1992). Accumulation, Urban Segregation and the Black Role in the U.S. Economy: A Stylized History. Review of Radical Political Economics, 24(2), 83-90. https://doi.org/10.1177/048661349202400211

Vogel J. (1992). Urban segregation in Sweden housing policy, housing markets, and the spacial distribution of households in metropolitan areas. Social Indicators Research, 27(2), 139-155. Kluwer Academic Publishers.https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00300558

Christopher A.J. (1992). Urban segregation levels in the British overseas empire and its successors, in the twentieth century. Transactions - Institute of British Geographers, 17(1), 95-107. https://doi.org/10.2307/622639

Christopher A.J. (1993). Urban segregation levels in south africa, 1985 1991. South African Journal of Sociology, 24(4), 121-127. https://doi.org/10.1080/02580144.1993.10431682

Lupton M. (1993). COLLECTIVE CONSUMPTION AND URBAN SEGREGATION IN SOUTH AFRICA: THE CASE OF TWO COLORED SUBURBS IN THE JOHANNESBURG REGION. Antipode, 25(1), 32-50. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8330.1993.tb00215.x

Portugali J., Benenson I., Omer I. (1994). Sociospatial Residential Dynamics: Stability and Instability within a Self Organizing City. Geographical Analysis, 26(4), 321-340. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1538-4632.1994.tb00329.x

Maylam P. (1995). Explaining the apartheid city: 20 years of south african urban historiography. Journal of Southern African Studies, 21(1), 19-38. https://doi.org/10.1080/03057079508708431

Parnell S., Mabin A. (1995). Rethinking urban south africa. Journal of Southern African Studies, 21(1), 39-61. https://doi.org/10.1080/03057079508708432

Saff G. (1995). Residential segregation in postapartheid south africa: What can be Learned from the United States Experience. Urban Affairs Review, 30(6), 782-808. https://doi.org/10.1177/107808749503000602

Deacon H. (1996). Racial segregation and medical discourse in nineteenth century Cape Town. Journal of Southern African Studies, 22(2), 287-308. Carfax Publishing Company.https://doi.org/10.1080/03057079608708492

Caldeira T.P.R. (1996). Fortified enclaves: The new urban segregation. Public Culture, 8(2), 303-328. Duke University Press.https://doi.org/10.1215/08992363-8-2-303

Tankard K. (1996). Urban segregation: William mvalo’s ‘celebrated stick case’. South African Historical Journal, 34(1), 29-38. https://doi.org/10.1080/02582479608671863

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Christopher A.J. (1997). "The second city of the Empire": Colonial Dublin, 1911. Journal of Historical Geography, 23(2), 151-163. Academic Press.https://doi.org/10.1006/jhge.1996.0047

Van Kempen R., Bolt G.S. (1997). Turks in the Netherlands: Urban segregation and neighborhood choice. American Behavioral Scientist, 374-395. https://doi.org/

Murtagh B. (1998). Community, conflict and rural planning in Northern Ireland. Journal of Rural Studies, 14(2), 221-231. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0743-0167(97)00067-3

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Murtagh B. (1999). Urban segregation and community initiatives in Northern Ireland. Community Development Journal, 34(3), 219-226. Oxford University Press.https://doi.org/10.1093/cdj/34.3.219

Freund B. (2001). Contrasts in urban segregation: A tale of two African cities, Durban (South Africa) and Abidjan (Côte d'Ivoire). Journal of Southern African Studies, 27(3), 527-546. https://doi.org/10.1080/13632430120074572

Selod H., Zenou Y. (2001). Location and education in South African cities under and after apartheid. Journal of Urban Economics, 49(1), 168-198. https://doi.org/10.1006/juec.2000.2190

Gu C.-L. (2001). Social polarization and segregation in Beijing. Chinese Geographical Science, 11(1), 17-26. Science Press.https://doi.org/10.1007/s11769-001-0003-7

Christopher A.J. (2001). Urban segregation in post apartheid South Africa. Urban Studies, 38(3), 449-466. Carfax Publishing Company.https://doi.org/10.1080/00420980120080031

Reardon S.F., Yun J.T. (2001). Suburban racial change and suburban school segregation, 1987 95. Sociology of Education, 74(2), 79-101. American Sociological Association.https://doi.org/10.2307/2673164

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Mantecón A.R. (2003). New Processes of Urban Segregation: The Reorganization of Film Exhibition in Mexico City. Television & New Media, 4(1), 9-23. https://doi.org/10.1177/1527476402239430

Nightingale C.H. (2003). A tale of three global ghettos: How Arnold Hirsch helps us internationalize U.S. urban history. Journal of Urban History, 29(3), 257-271. https://doi.org/10.1177/0096144202250383

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Olvera L.D., Plat D., Pochet P. (2003). Transportation conditions and access to services in a context of urban sprawl and deregulation. The case of Dar es Salaam. Transport Policy, 10(4), 287-298. Elsevier Ltd.https://doi.org/10.1016/S0967-070X(03)00056-8

Wilkes R. (2003). The residential segregation of native americans in U.S. Metropolitan areas. Sociological Focus, 36(2), 127-142. https://doi.org/10.1080/00380237.2003.10570720

Orfield G. (2004). Suburban exclusion and the courts: Can a class based remedy reduce urban segregation?. Race, Poverty, and Domestic Policy, 242-269. Yale University Press.https://doi.org/

Baines G. (2004). A progressive South African City?: Port Elizabeth and influx control, ca. 1923 1953. Journal of Urban History, 31(1), 75-100. https://doi.org/10.1177/0096144204266764

Christopher A.J. (2004). Linguistic segregation in urban South Africa, 1996. Geoforum, 35(2), 145-156. Elsevier BV.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoforum.2003.08.007

Ponce J. (2004). Land use law, liberalization, and social cohesion through affordable housing in Europe: The Spanish case. Urban Lawyer, 36(2), 317-340. https://doi.org/

Falzon M.-A. (2004). Paragons of lifestyle: Gated communities and the politics of space in Bombay. City and Society, 16(2), 145-167. American Anthropological Society.https://doi.org/10.1525/city.2004.16.2.145

Kuppinger P. (2004). Introduction: Exploring urban segregation. City and Society, 16(2), 5-9. American Anthropological Society.https://doi.org/10.1525/city.2004.16.2.5

Horn A. (2005). Measuring multi ethnic spatial segregation in South African cities. South African Geographical Journal, 87(1), 58-72. https://doi.org/10.1080/03736245.2005.9713827

Huchzermeyer M. (2005). Housing subsidies and urban segregation: A reflection on the case of South Africa. Desegregating The City: Ghettos, Enclaves, and Inequality, 213-220. State University of New York Press.https://doi.org/

Dimond P.R. (2005). Beyond busing: Reflections on urban segregation, the courts, and equal opportunity. Beyond Busing: Reflections on Urban Segregation, The Courts, and Equal Opportunity, 1-423. University of Michigan Press.https://doi.org/

Lamb C.M. (2005). Housing segregation in Suburban America since 1960: Presidential and judicial politics. Housing Segregation in Suburban America since 1960: Presidential and Judicial Politics, 1-302. Cambridge University Press.https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511614354

Ravalet E. (2006). Segregation and daily mobility, an international comparison. WIT Transactions on the Built Environment, 89(), 491-500. https://doi.org/10.2495/UT060481

Nightingale C.H. (2006). The transnational contexts of early twentieth century American urban segregation. Journal of Social History, 39(3), 667-702+952. Oxford University Press.https://doi.org/10.1353/jsh.2006.0008

Pieterse E. (2006). Building with ruins and dreams: Some thoughts on realising integrated urban development in South Africa through crisis. Urban Studies, 43(2 SPEC. ISS.), 285-304. https://doi.org/10.1080/00420980500404020

Peixoto M. (2007). Rio's Favelas in recent fiction and film: Commonplaces of urban segregation. PMLA, 122(1), 170-178. https://doi.org/10.1632/pmla.2007.122.1.170

Vaughan L. (2007). The spatial syntax of urban segregation. Progress in Planning, 67(3), 205-294. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.progress.2007.03.001

Pow C.-P. (2007). Securing the 'civilised' enclaves: Gated communities and the moral geographies of exclusion in (Post )socialist Shanghai. Urban Studies, 44(8), 1539-1558. https://doi.org/10.1080/00420980701373503

Chung S.-Y., Brown L.A. (2007). Racial/ethnic residential sorting in spatial context: Testing the explanatory frameworks. Urban Geography, 28(4), 312-339. https://doi.org/10.2747/0272-3638.28.4.312

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Díaz Orueta F. (2007). Madrid: Urban regeneration projects and social mobilization. Cities, 24(3), 183-193. Elsevier Ltd.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cities.2006.11.004

Gelézeau V. (2008). Changing socio economic environments, housing culture and new urban segregation in Seoul. European Journal of East Asian Studies, 7(2), 295-321. https://doi.org/10.1163/156805808X372458

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Fischer M.J. (2008). Shifting geographies: Examining the role of suburbanization in blacks' declining segregation. Urban Affairs Review, 43(4), 475-496. https://doi.org/10.1177/1078087407305499

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