White residential segregation

Date and country of first publication

1988
South Africa

Definition

White residential segregation refers to the spatial separation of white individuals from individuals of other racial or ethnic groups within residential areas. This phenomenon historically occurred as a result of discriminatory practices such as redlining, racial zoning, and restrictive covenants that prevented people of color, particularly African Americans, from purchasing or renting homes in predominantly white neighborhoods.

White residential segregation is often perpetuated by various factors, including social, economic, and institutional factors. These can include racial preference in housing choices, fear or prejudice against individuals of other racial or ethnic backgrounds, and unequal access to resources and opportunities for individuals of color.

The consequences of white residential segregation are wide-ranging. It can lead to the concentration of poverty and limited access to quality education, healthcare, and other essential services for communities of color. It also contributes to the perpetuation of racial inequalities and disparities in wealth, employment, and educational attainment.

Efforts to address white residential segregation include fair housing laws, desegregation policies, and community development initiatives aimed at promoting diversity and inclusion. However, white residential segregation remains a persistent issue in many parts of the world, highlighting the need for continued efforts to promote racial equity and ensure equitable access to housing opportunities for all individuals, regardless of race or ethnicity.

Related segregation forms

White residential segregation is frequently discussed in the literature with the following segregation forms:

residential segregation, racial segregation, social segregation, racial residential segregation, american residential segregation, black white segregation, urban segregation, spatial segregation, black residential segregation, economic segregation, income segregation, enforced residential segregation

This visualization is based on the study The Multidisciplinary Landscape of Segregation Research.

For the complete network of interrelated segregation forms, please refer to:

• First year of publication

• Louvain clusters

• Betweenness centrality

• Disciplines in which segregation forms first emerged (Scopus database).

Notes

At its current state, this definition has been generated by a Large Language Model (LLM) so far without review by an independent researcher or a member of the curating team of segregation experts that keep the Segregation Wiki online. While we strive for accuracy, we cannot guarantee its reliability, completeness and timeliness. Please use this content with caution and verify information as needed. Also, feel free to improve on the definition as you see fit, including the use of references and other informational resources. We value your input in enhancing the quality and accuracy of the definitions of segregation forms collectively offered in the Segregation Wiki ©.

White residential segregation appears in the following literature

Gurak D.T. (198). Assimilation and fertility: a comparison of Mexican American and Japanese women.. Hispanic journal of behavioral sciences, 2(3), 219-239. https://doi.org/

Darden J.T. (1984). THE RESIDENTIAL SEGREGATION OF AMERICAN INDIANS IN METROPOLITAN AREAS OF MICHIGAN. Journal of Urban Affairs, 6(1), 29-52. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9906.1984.tb00437.x

Marcum J.P., Williams M.W. (1988). Residential segregation by race in mississippi, 1980. Sociological Spectrum, 8(2), 117-131. https://doi.org/10.1080/02732173.1988.9981846

Parnell S. (1988). Public housing as a device for white residential segregation in Johannesburg, 1934 1953. Urban Geography, 9(6), 584-602. https://doi.org/10.2747/0272-3638.9.6.584

South S.J., Felson R.B. (199). The racial patterning of rape. Social Forces, 69(1), 71-93. https://doi.org/10.1093/sf/69.1.71

Farley R., Steeh C., Krysan M., Jackson T., Reeves K. (1994). Stereotypes and segregation: neighborhoods in the Detroit area. American Journal of Sociology, 100(3), 750-780. https://doi.org/10.1086/230580

Charles C.Z. (2). Neighborhood racial composition preferences: Evidence from a multiethnic metropolis. Social Problems, 47(3), 379-407. University of California Press.https://doi.org/10.2307/3097236

Allen J.P. (2002). The Tortilla Mercedes Divide in Los Angeles. Political Geography, 21(5), 701-709. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0962-6298(02)00014-8

Quillian L. (2002). Why is Black White residential segregation so persistent?: Evidence on three theories from migration data. Social Science Research, 31(2), 197-229. Academic Press Inc..https://doi.org/10.1006/ssre.2001.0726

Dawkins C.J. (2004). Recent evidence on the continuing causes of black white residential segregation. Journal of Urban Affairs, 26(3), 379-400. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0735-2166.2004.00205.x

Dawkins C.J. (2005). Tiebout choice and residential segregation by race in US metropolitan areas, 1980 2000. Regional Science and Urban Economics, 35(6), 734-755. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.regsciurbeco.2005.01.002

Dawkins C.J. (2005). Evidence on the intergenerational persistence of residential segregation by race. Urban Studies, 42(3), 545-555. https://doi.org/10.1080/00420980500035725

Wahl A.-M.G., Gunkel S.E. (2007). From old south to new south? Black white residential segregation in micropolitan areas. Sociological Spectrum, 27(5), 507-535. https://doi.org/10.1080/02732170701434674

Wahl A.-M.G., Breckenridge R.S., Gunkel S.E. (2007). Latinos, residential segregation and spatial assimilation in micropolitan areas: Exploring the American dilemma on a new frontier. Social Science Research, 36(3), 995-1020. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssresearch.2006.07.004

Blanchard T.C. (2007). Conservative protestant congregations and racial residential segregation: Evaluating the closed community thesis in metropolitan and nonmetropolitan counties. American Sociological Review, 72(3), 416-433. American Sociological Association.https://doi.org/10.1177/000312240707200305

Scopilliti M., Iceland J. (2008). Residential patterns of black immigrants and native born blacks in the United States. Social Science Quarterly, 89(3), 551-572. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6237.2008.00547.x

McConnell E.D., Miraftab F. (2009). Sundown town to "Little Mexico": Old timers and newcomers in an American small town. Rural Sociology, 74(4), 605-629. https://doi.org/10.1526/003601109789864044

Lichter D.T., Parisi D., Taquino M.C., Grice S.M. (201). Residential segregation in new Hispanic destinations: Cities, suburbs, and rural communities compared. Social Science Research, 39(2), 215-230. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssresearch.2009.08.006

Darden J., Rahbar M., Jezierski L., Li M., Velie E. (201). The measurement of neighborhood socioeconomic characteristics and black and white residential segregation in metropolitan detroit: Implications for the study of social disparities in health. Annals of the Association of American Geographers, 100(1), 137-158. https://doi.org/10.1080/00045600903379042

Like T.Z. (2011). Urban inequality and racial differences in risk for violent victimization. Crime and Delinquency, 57(3), 432-457. https://doi.org/10.1177/0011128708328442

Rosenthal S.S., Strange W.C. (2012). Female entrepreneurship, agglomeration, and a new spatial mismatch. Review of Economics and Statistics, 94(3), 764-788. https://doi.org/10.1162/REST_a_00193

Spivak A.L., Monnat S.M. (2013). The influence of race, class, and metropolitan area characteristics on African American residential segregation. Social Science Quarterly, 94(5), 1414-1437. https://doi.org/10.1111/ssqu.12021

Meltzer R. (2013). Do Homeowners Associations Affect Citywide Segregation? Evidence From Florida Municipalities. Housing Policy Debate, 23(4), 688-713. https://doi.org/10.1080/10511482.2013.812571

Iceland J., Sharp G. (2013). White Residential Segregation in U.S. Metropolitan Areas: Conceptual Issues, Patterns, and Trends from the U.S. Census, 1980 to 2010. Population Research and Policy Review, 32(5), 663-686. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11113-013-9277-6

Wright R., Ellis M., Holloway S.R. (2014). Neighbourhood racial diversity and white residential segregation in the United States. Social-Spatial Segregation: Concepts, Processes and Outcomes, 111-134. Policy Press.https://doi.org/

Goyette K., Iceland J., Weininger E. (2014). Moving for the kids: Examining the influence of children on white residential segregation. City and Community, 13(2), 158-178. Blackwell Publishing Ltd.https://doi.org/10.1111/cico.12058

Wagmiller R.L., Jr., Gage-Bouchard E., Karraker A. (2017). Does Black Socioeconomic Mobility Explain Recent Progress Toward Black White Residential Integration?. Demography, 54(4), 1251-1275. Springer Science and Business Media, LLC.https://doi.org/10.1007/s13524-017-0593-z

McGrew T. (2018). The History of Residential Segregation in the United States, Title VIII, and the Homeownership Remedy. American Journal of Economics and Sociology, 77(3-4), 1013-1048. Blackwell Publishing Ltd.https://doi.org/10.1111/ajes.12243

Darden J.T., Rubalcava L. (2018). The Measurement of Neighborhood Socioeconomic Characteristics and Hispanic and Non Hispanic White Residential Segregation in Metropolitan Detroit. Hispanic Journal of Behavioral Sciences, 40(3), 312-329. SAGE Publications Inc..https://doi.org/10.1177/0739986318769316

Gordon D. (2018). Daily Mobility in the Black White Segregated City: Linking Material Realities and Repertoires of Meaning. Sociological Perspectives, 61(4), 661-680. SAGE Publications Inc..https://doi.org/10.1177/0731121417691051

Ellis M., Wright R., Holloway S., Fiorio L. (2018). Remaking white residential segregation: metropolitan diversity and neighborhood change in the United States. Urban Geography, 39(4), 519-545. Routledge.https://doi.org/10.1080/02723638.2017.1360039

Liebowitz D.D. (2018). Ending to What End? The Impact of the Termination of Court Desegregation Orders on Residential Segregation and School Dropout Rates. Educational Evaluation and Policy Analysis, 40(1), 103-128. SAGE Publications Inc..https://doi.org/10.3102/0162373717725804

Boyd R.L. (2018). Black Women Social Workers in the Great Depression: A Test of Sheltered Labor Market Theory. Race and Social Problems, 10(1), 67-78. Springer New York LLC.https://doi.org/10.1007/s12552-017-9220-2

Ackert E., Crosnoe R., Leventhal T. (2019). New Destinations and the Early Childhood Education of Mexican Origin Children. Demography, 56(5), 1607-1634. Springer Science and Business Media, LLC.https://doi.org/10.1007/s13524-019-00814-1

Kotecki J.A., Gennuso K.P., Givens M.L., Kindig D.A. (2019). Separate and Sick: Residential Segregation and the Health of Children and Youth in Metropolitan Statistical Areas. Journal of Urban Health, 96(2), 149-158. Springer Science and Business Media Deutschland GmbH.https://doi.org/10.1007/s11524-018-00330-4

Goldsmith P.R., Puga M., Jr. (2019). Do More Assimilated Latinxs Leave the Barrio and Move to “White” Neighborhoods? Latinxs, Young Adults, and Spatial Assimilation. Socius, 5(), -. SAGE Publications Inc..https://doi.org/10.1177/2378023119879788

Darden J., Malega R., Stallings R. (2019). Social and economic consequences of black residential segregation by neighbourhood socioeconomic characteristics: The case of Metropolitan Detroit. Urban Studies, 56(1), 115-130. SAGE Publications Ltd.https://doi.org/10.1177/0042098018779493

Kim J. (202). Why is black white residential segregation persistent? A review of recent empirical evidence. Journal of Real Estate Literature, 28(1), 69-98. American Real Estate Society.https://doi.org/10.1080/09277544.2020.1790977

Siegel M., Poulson M., Sangar R., Jay J. (2021). The Interaction of Race and Place: Predictors of Fatal Police Shootings of Black Victims at the Incident, Census Tract, City, and State Levels, 2013 2018. Race and Social Problems, 13(3), 245-265. Springer.https://doi.org/10.1007/s12552-020-09307-y