Editing Housing segregation

===== Date and country of first publication<ref>Date and country of first publication as informed by the Scopus database (December 2023).</ref>===== 
1965<br>
United States
===== Definition ===== 

Housing segregation refers to the practice of separating people based on their race, ethnicity, or socioeconomic status in residential areas. It is a result of discriminatory practices and policies that have been historically implemented in many countries, including the United States, South Africa, and Brazil, among others.

In the United States, housing segregation has been primarily enforced through racial zoning laws, redlining, and discriminatory lending practices. These practices have led to the concentration of racial and ethnic minority groups in low-income neighborhoods with limited access to quality education, healthcare, and economic opportunities.

The consequences of housing segregation are far-reaching and have contributed to the perpetuation of social and economic inequality. Segregated neighborhoods tend to have higher rates of poverty, crime, and under-resourced schools. Furthermore, the lack of affordable housing options in predominantly white neighborhoods has limited opportunities for minorities to move into better areas and has perpetuated a cycle of poverty and inequality.

Efforts to address housing segregation include the enforcement of fair housing laws, desegregation initiatives, and affordable housing programs. Additionally, urban planning and zoning policies that promote mixed-income neighborhoods and inclusionary housing practices can help combat housing segregation.

While progress has been made in recent decades, housing segregation still persists in many areas. It remains a significant social issue that requires continued attention and action to create more equitable and inclusive communities.
==See also== 
==Related segregation forms==
Housing segregation is frequently discussed in the literature with the following segregation forms: 

[[racial segregation]], [[residential segregation]], [[social segregation]], [[school segregation]], [[urban segregation]], [[income segregation]], [[ethnic segregation]], [[racial residential segregation]], [[central city segregation]], [[metropolitan housing segregation]], [[black self segregation]], [[socioeconomic segregation]], [[spontaneous segregation]], [[spatial segregation]], [[occupational segregation]], [[suburban segregation]]
[[File:housing_segregation.png|780x780px]]

This visualization is based on the study [[Segregation_Wiki:About| The Multidisciplinary Landscape of Segregation Research]]. 

For the complete network of interrelated segregation forms, please refer to: 

* [https://tinyurl.com/2235lkhw First year of publication] 

* [https://tinyurl.com/2d8wg5n3 Louvain clusters] 

* [https://tinyurl.com/223udk5r Betweenness centrality] 

* [https://tinyurl.com/244d8unz Disciplines in which segregation forms first emerged (Scopus database).] 
==References== 
==Notes== 
<references /> 
{{NoteAI}} 
==Housing segregation appears in the following literature== 

Miller L. (1965). The Protest Against Housing Segregation. ''The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science'', ''357''(1), 73-79. https://doi.org/10.1177/000271626535700108

Kain J.F. (1968). Housing segregation, negro employment, and metropolitan decentralization. ''Quarterly Journal of Economics'', ''82''(2), 175-197. https://doi.org/10.2307/1885893

Mooney J.D. (1969). Housing segregation, negro employment and metropolitan decentralization: An alternative perspective. ''Quarterly Journal of Economics'', ''83''(2), 299-311. https://doi.org/10.2307/1883085

Offner P., Saks D.H. (1971). A note on John Kain’s “housing segregation, negro employment and metropolitan decentralization”. ''Quarterly Journal of Economics'', ''85''(1), 147-160. https://doi.org/10.2307/1881844

Kain J.F. (1974). Reply to Stanley masters’ comment on “housing segregation, Negro employment, and metropolitan decentralization”. ''Quarterly Journal of Economics'', ''88''(3), 513-519. https://doi.org/10.2307/1881952

Masters S.H. (1974). A note on John Kain’s “housing segregation, Negro employment, and metropolitan decentralization”. ''Quarterly Journal of Economics'', ''88''(3), 505-512. https://doi.org/10.2307/1881951

Freeman L.C., Sunshine M.H. (1976). Race and intra urban migration. ''Demography'', ''13''(4), 571-575. https://doi.org/10.2307/2060511

Bullard R.D., Pierce O.L. (1979). Black housing patterns in a southern metropolis: Competition for housing in a shrinking market. ''Black Scholar'', ''11''(2), 60-67. https://doi.org/10.1080/00064246.1979.11414073

Myers Jr S.L., Phillips K.E. (1979). Housing segregation and black employment: another look at the ghetto dispersal strategy( US).. ''American Economic Review'', ''69''(2), 298-302. https://doi.org/

Winsberg M.D. (1979). Housing Segregation of a Predominantly Middle Class Population: Residential Patterns Developed by the Cuban Immigration Into Miami, 1950 74. ''American Journal of Economics and Sociology'', ''38''(4), 403-418. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1536-7150.1979.tb02846.x

McDonald J.F. (1981). The direct and indirect effects of housing segregation on employment opportunities for blacks. ''The Annals of Regional Science'', ''15''(2), 27-38. Springer-Verlag.https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01287437

FARLEy J.E. (1982). BLACK MALE UNEMPLOyMENT IN U.S. METROPOLITAN AREAS: THE ROLE OF BLACK CENTRAL CITy SEGREGATION AND JOB DECENTRALIZATION. ''Journal of Urban Affairs'', ''4''(3), 19-34. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9906.1982.tb00062.x

Farley J.E. (1983). Metropolitan housing segregation in 1980: The St. Louis Case. ''Urban Affairs Review'', ''18''(3), 347-359. https://doi.org/10.1177/004208168301800304

Farley J.E. (1983). Metropolitan housing segregation in 1980: The St. Louis Case. ''Urban Affairs Review'', ''18''(3), 347-359. https://doi.org/10.1177/004208168301800304

Farley J.E. (1984). P* Segregation Indices: What Can They Tell Us about Housing Segregation in 1980?. ''Urban Studies'', ''21''(3), 331-336. https://doi.org/10.1080/00420988420080591

Farley J.E. (1984). HOUSING SEGREGATION IN THE SCHOOL AGE POPULATION AND THE LINK BETWEEN HOUSING AND SCHOOL SEGREGATION: A ST. LOUIS CASE STUDY. ''Journal of Urban Affairs'', ''6''(4), 65-80. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9906.1984.tb00458.x

Gottlieb H.N. (1984). The school effects of Chicago suburban housing segregation. ''Equity and Excellence in Education'', ''21''(1-6), 105-109. https://doi.org/10.1080/0020486840210106

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Smith R.A. (1989). The Effects of local Fair Housing Ordinances on Housing Segregation: Their Impact Is Small, But It's an Important Positive Change Toward Integration. ''American Journal of Economics and Sociology'', ''48''(2), 219-230. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1536-7150.1989.tb02119.x

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Farley J.E. (1991). Black white housing segregation in the city of St. Louis: A 1988 Update. ''Urban Affairs Review'', ''26''(3), 442-450. https://doi.org/10.1177/004208169102600307

Vogel J. (1992). Urban segregation in Sweden housing policy, housing markets, and the spacial distribution of households in metropolitan areas. ''Social Indicators Research'', ''27''(2), 139-155. Kluwer Academic Publishers.https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00300558

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Goering J.M. (1993). Towards the Comparative Exploration of Public Housing Segregation in England and the United States1. ''Housing Studies'', ''8''(4), 256-273. https://doi.org/10.1080/02673039308720767

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Farley J.E. (1995). Race still matters: The Minimal Role of Income and Housing Cost as Causes of Housing Segregation in St. Louis, 1990. ''Urban Affairs Review'', ''31''(2), 244-254. https://doi.org/10.1177/107808749503100207

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Smith R.A. (1997). Patterns of racial and ethnic segregation in Florida's urban counties. ''Florida Geographer'', ''28''(), 35-54. https://doi.org/

Judd D.R. (1997). The role of governmental policies in promoting residential segregation in the St. Louis metropolitan area. ''Journal of Negro Education'', ''66''(3), 214-240. Howard University.https://doi.org/10.2307/2967162

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Ihlanfeldt K.R., Scafidi B. (2002). Black self segregation as a cause of housing segregation: Evidence from the Multi City Study of Urban Inequality. ''Journal of Urban Economics'', ''51''(2), 366-390. Academic Press Inc..https://doi.org/10.1006/juec.2001.2249

Schuck P.H. (2002). Judging remedies: Judicial approaches to housing segregation. ''Harvard Civil Rights-Civil Liberties Law Review'', ''37''(2), 289-368. https://doi.org/

Gullberg A. (2002). Chapter 8. Housing segregation. ''International Journal of Social Welfare'', ''11''(SUPPL.), S90-S100. Blackwell Publishing Ltd.https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-2397.11.s3.9

Crump J.R. (2003). Producing and enforcing the geography of hate: Race, housing segregation, and housing related hate crimes in the United States. ''Spaces of Hate: Geographies of Discrimination and Intolerance in the U.S.A.'', 227-244. Routledge Taylor & Francis Group.https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203952771

Popkin S.J., Galster G.C., Temkin K., Herbig C., Levy D.K., Richer E.K. (2003). Obstacles to Desegregating Public Housing: Lessons Learned from Implementing Eight Consent Decrees. ''Journal of Policy Analysis and Management'', ''22''(2), 179-199. https://doi.org/10.1002/pam.10112

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Saporito S. (2003). Private choices, public consequences: Magnet school choice and segregation by race and poverty. ''Social Problems'', ''50''(2), 181-203. University of California Press.https://doi.org/10.1525/sp.2003.50.2.181

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Lands L.B. (2004). A Reprehensible and Unfriendly Act: Homeowners, Renters, and the Bid for Residential Segregation in Atlanta, 1900 1917. ''Journal of Planning History'', ''3''(2), 83-115. https://doi.org/10.1177/1538513204264096

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