Horizontal segregation

Date and country of first publication

1986
United Kingdom

Definition

Horizontal segregation refers to the division and separation of individuals in the workforce based on certain characteristics, such as gender, race, ethnicity, or age. It refers to the tendency for individuals with specific characteristics to be concentrated in certain industries, job roles, or occupations, while being underrepresented in others.

For example, horizontal segregation of gender occurs when women are overrepresented in certain industries like education and healthcare, while men dominate fields like engineering and technology. Similarly, horizontal segregation based on race or ethnicity can be observed when certain racial or ethnic groups are concentrated in specific job roles or industries.

Horizontal segregation can lead to inequalities and limited opportunities for certain groups. It can result in unequal pay, limited career progression, and perpetuate stereotypes and biases. Efforts to reduce horizontal segregation involve promoting diversity and inclusion in the workplace, creating equal opportunities for all individuals to access and thrive in a variety of industries and job roles.

Notes

At its current state, this definition has been generated by a Large Language Model (LLM) so far without review by an independent researcher or a member of the curating team of segregation experts that keep the Segregation Wiki online. While we strive for accuracy, we cannot guarantee its reliability, completeness and timeliness. Please use this content with caution and verify information as needed. Also, feel free to improve on the definition as you see fit, including the use of references and other informational resources. We value your input in enhancing the quality and accuracy of the definitions of segregation forms collectively offered in the Segregation Wiki ©.

Further reading

Corcoran J. (1986) Law and the promotion of women. Women's Studies International Forum, 9(1), 19-24. [1]

Siltanen J. (1990) Social Change and the Measurement of Occupational Segregation by Sex: An Assessment of the Sex Ratio Index. Work Employment & Society, 4(1), 1-29. [2]

Devine F. (1994) Segregation and Supply: Preferences and Plans among ‘Self Made’ Women. Gender, Work & Organization, 1(2), 94-109. [3]

Jackson Chris (1996) Private sector promises Latin rail boom. Railway Gazette International, 152(12), 799-802. Reed Business Publishing Ltd..[4]

Blackburn R.M., Jarman J., Brooks B. (2000) The puzzle of gender segregation and inequality: A cross national analysis. European Sociological Review, 16(2), 119-135. Oxford University Press.[5]

Blackburn R.M., Browne J., Brooks B., Jarman J. (2002) Explaining gender segregation. British Journal of Sociology, 53(4), 513-536. [6]

Charles M., Bradley K. (2002) Equal but separate? A cross national study of sex segregation in higher education. American Sociological Review, 67(4), 573-599. American Sociological Association.[7]

Fortin N.M., Huberman M. (2002) Occupational gender segregation and women's wages in Canada: An historical perspective. Canadian Public Policy, 28(SUPP), S11-S40. University of Toronto Press Inc..[8]

Charles M. (2003) Deciphering Sex Segregation: Vertical and Horizontal Inequalities in Ten National Labor Markets. Acta Sociologica, 46(4), 267-287. SAGE Publications Ltd.[9]

Brooks B., Jarman J., Blackburn R.M. (2003) Occupational gender segregation in Canada, 1981 1996: Overall, vertical and horizontal segregation. Canadian Review of Sociology and Anthropology, 40(2), 197-213. Canadian Sociology and Anthropology Association.[10]

Coulangeon P., Ravet H., Roharik I. (2005) Gender differentiated effect of time in performing arts professions: Musicians, actors and dancers in contemporary France. Poetics, 33(5-6), 369-387. [11]

Blackburn R.M., Jarman J. (2006) Gendered occupations: Exploring the relationship between gender segregation and inequality. International Sociology, 21(2), 289-315. [12]

Eriksson J., Dellve L., Eklöf M., Hagberg M. (2007) Early inequalities in excellent health and performance among young adult women and men in Sweden. Gender Medicine, 4(2), 170-182. [13]

Bolton S., Muzio D. (2008) The paradoxical processes of feminization in the professions: The case of established, aspiring and semi professions. Work, Employment and Society, 22(2), 281-299. SAGE Publications Ltd.[14]

Potter M., Hill M. (2009) Women into non traditional sectors: Addressing gender segregation in the northern ireland workplace. Journal of Vocational Education and Training, 61(2), 133-150. [15]

Alario M., Pascual H., Baraja E. (2009) Occupational segregation of women in rural Industry: The case of Castilla y León; [Segregación laboral de las mujeres en la industria rural: El caso de castillay león]. Boletin de la Asociacion de Geografos Espanoles, 173-192+401. Asociacion Espanola de Geografia.[16]

Fényes H. (2010) Horizontal and vertical segregation in education by gender in the hungarian romanian ukrainian border region (partium). Journal of Social Research and Policy, 1(1), 69-89. Editura Universitatii din Oradea.[17]

Chanana K. (2011) Higher education and gender issues in the knowledge economy: Who studies what, why and where?. The Emergent Knowledge Society and the Future of Higher Education: Asian Perspectives, 177-193. Taylor and Francis.[18]

Aldás-Manzano J., Martínez-Fuentes C., Pardo-del-Val M. (2012) Women Entrepreneurship and Performance. International Studies in Entrepreneurship, 1000(), 89-108. Springer.[19]

Steinmetz S. (2012) The contextual challenges of occupational sex segregation: Deciphering cross national differences in Europe. The Contextual Challenges of Occupational Sex Segregation: Deciphering Cross-National Differences in Europe, 9783531930565(), 1-288. VS Verlag fur Sozialwissenschaften.[20]

Truss C., Alfes K., Shantz A., Rosewarne A. (2013) Still in the Ghetto? Experiences of secretarial work in the 21st century. Gender, Work and Organization, 20(4), 349-363. [21]

Kreitz-Sandberg S. (2013) Gender inclusion and horizontal gender segregation: stakeholders' strategies and dilemmas in Swedish teachers' education. Gender and Education, 25(4), 444-465. [22]

Langfeldt B. (2014) The influence of career planning, career strategies and organisational conditions on gender disparities in the career of mathematicians and physicists. Paths to Career and Success for Women in Science: Findings from International Research, 221-240. Springer Fachmedien.[23]

Oñate P. (2014) THE EFFECTIVENESS OF QUOTAS: VERTICAL AND HORIZONTAL DISCRIMINATION IN SPAIN. Representation, 50(3), 351-364. Routledge.[24]

Leuze K., Strauß S. (2014) Female typical Subjects and their Effect on Wage Inequalities among Higher Education Graduates in Germany. European Societies, 16(2), 275-298. Routledge.[25]

Llaguno M.M., Segarra S.M., Navarro-Beltrá M. (2015) Analysis of communication executives and managers in Spain: Socio demographic, organizational and attitudinal characteristics from a gender perspective. Catalan Journal of Communication and Cultural Studies, 7(2), 129-146. Intellect Ltd..[26]

Fényes H. (2015) Gender differences in higher education efficiency and the effect of horizontal segregation by gender. Journal of Social Research and Policy, 6(2), 83-103. Editura Universitatii din Oradea.[27]

Gasser M., Liechti L. (2015) Gender equality trade offs re examined: evidence from Swiss cantons. Community, Work and Family, 18(3), 249-267. Routledge.[28]

Martín-Llaguno M., Navarro-Beltrá M. (2015) Vertical and horizontal segregation in advertising agencies before and after the law for equality of women and men; [La segregación vertical y horizontal en las agencias de publicidad antes y después de la ley de igualdad de mujeres y hombres]. Revista Espanola de Investigaciones Sociologicas, 150(), 113-150. Centro de Investigaciones Sociologicas.[29]

Haasler S.R., Gottschall K. (2015) Still a perfect model? The gender impact of vocational training in Germany. Journal of Vocational Education and Training, 67(1), 78-92. Routledge.[30]

Ljunggren J., Andersen P.L. (2015) Vertical and Horizontal Segregation: Spatial Class Divisions in Oslo, 1970 2003. International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, 39(2), 305-322. [31]

Triventi M., Skopek J., Kosyakova Y., Buchholz S., Blossfeld H.-P. (2015) Gender inequalities at labour market entry: A comparative view from the edulife project. Comparative Social Research, 31(), 25-51. Emerald Group Publishing Ltd..[32]

Endepohls-Ulpe M., Sander E., Geber G., Quaiser-Pohl C. (2015) How they became different: Life courses of women working successfully in the fields of science, technology, engineering and mathematics (STEM). Private World(s): Gender and Informal Learning of Adults, 145-156. Sense Publishers.[33]

Joyce Y., Walker S.P. (2015) Gender essentialism and occupational segregation in insolvency practice. Accounting, Organizations and Society, 40(), 41-60. Elsevier Ltd.[34]

Moldovan O. (2016) Representative bureaucracy in Romania? Gender and leadership in central public administration. Transylvanian Review of Administrative Sciences, 2016(48), 66-83. Universitatea Babes-Bolyai.[35]

North L. (2016) The gender of “soft” and “hard” news: Female journalists’ views on gendered story allocations. Journalism Studies, 17(3), 356-373. Routledge.[36]

Bell S. (2016) Ivory towers and glass ceilings: Women in non traditional fields. Student Equity in Australian Higher Education: Twenty-Five Years of a Fair Chance for All, 109-123. Springer Singapore.[37]

Araújo-Pinzón P., Álvarez-Dardet C., Ramón-Jerónimo J.M., Flórez-López R. (2017) Women and inter organizational boundary spanning: A way into upper management?. European Research on Management and Business Economics, 23(2), 70-81. European Academy of Management and Business Economics.[38]

De Vita L., Magliocco A. (2018) Effects of gender quotas in Italy: a first impact assessment in the Italian banking sector. International Journal of Sociology and Social Policy, 38(7-8), 673-694. Emerald Group Publishing Ltd..[39]

Sappleton N. (2018) Gender and business performance: the role of entrepreneurial segregation. Women Entrepreneurs and the Myth of 'Underperformance': A New Look at Women's Entrepreneurship Research, 213-229. Edward Elgar Publishing Ltd..[40]

Kowalczuk K., Krajewska-Kulak E., Sobolewski M. (2018) Psychosocial hazards in the workplace as an aspect of horizontal segregation in the nursing profession. Frontiers in Psychology, 9(NOV), -. Frontiers Media S.A..[41]

Parente C., Martinho A.L. (2018) The “Places and Non places” Held by Women in Social Economy Organizations. Voluntas, 29(6), 1274-1282. Springer New York LLC.[42]

Hällsten M., Thaning M. (2018) Multiple dimensions of social background and horizontal educational attainment in Sweden. Research in Social Stratification and Mobility, 56(), 40-52. JAI Press.[43]

Bakas F.E., Costa C., Breda Z., Durão M. (2018) A critical approach to the gender wage gap in tourism labor. Tourism, Culture and Communication, 18(1), 35-49. Cognizant Communication Corporation.[44]

Perner M.L. (2019) Segregated behind the walls: residential patterns in pre industrial Copenhagen. Social History, 44(4), 412-439. Routledge.[45]

Torre M. (2019) Women in Blue: Structural and Individual Determinants of Sex Segregation in Blue Collar Occupations. Gender and Society, 33(3), 410-438. SAGE Publications Inc..[46]

La Ferrara E. (2019) Presidential address: Aspirations, social norms, and development. Journal of the European Economic Association, 17(6), 1687-1722. Oxford University Press.[47]

Seehuus S. (2019) Social class background and gender (a)typical choices of fields of study in higher education. British Journal of Sociology, 70(4), 1349-1373. Blackwell Publishing Ltd.[48]

Monteiro R., Vieira A.F.S., Daniel F., Da Silva A.G., Ney Matos F.R. (2019) Measurement of attitudes in masculine organizational contexts; [Medida de atitudes em contextos organizacionais masculinos]; [Medición de actitudes en contextos organizacionales masculinos]. Revista de Administracao Publica, 53(5), 899-916. Fundacao Getulio Vargas.[49]

Cuthbert D., Lee M.N.N., Deng W., Neubauer D.E. (2019) Framing Gender Issues in Asia Pacific Higher Education. International and Development Education, 9-21. Palgrave Macmillan.[50]

Addabbo T., Naciti V., Noto G., Vermiglio C. (2020) BUDGETING FOR GENDER EQUALITY IN RESEARCH PERFORMING ORGANISATIONS. Politica Economica, 36(3), 417-437. Societa Editrice Il Mulino.[51]

Park S. (2020) Seeking changes in ivory towers: The impact of gender quotas on female academics in higher education. Women's Studies International Forum, 79(), -. Elsevier Ltd.[52]

Shalaby M., Elimam L. (2020) Examining female membership and leadership of legislative committees in Jordan. Gender and Politics, 231-255. Palgrave Macmillan.[53]

Lendák-Kabók K. (2021) Ethnic minority women in the Serbian academic community. European Journal of Women's Studies, 28(4), 502-517. SAGE Publications Ltd.[54]

Roberts G., Schöer V. (2021) Gender based segregation in education, jobs and earnings in South Africa. World Development Perspectives, 23(), -. Elsevier Ltd.[55]

Verdugo-Castro S., García-Holgado A., Sánchez-Gómez M.C., García-Peñalvo F.J. (2021) Multimedia analysis of spanish female role models in science, technology, engineering and mathematics. Sustainability (Switzerland), 13(22), -. MDPI.[56]

Rudakov V.N., Prakhov I.A. (2021) Gender differences in pay among university faculty in Russia. Higher Education Quarterly, 75(2), 278-301. Blackwell Publishing.[57]

Maloutas T., Botton H. (2021) Vertical micro segregation: is living in disadvantageous lower floors in Athens’ apartment blocks producing negative social effects?. Housing Studies, -. Routledge.[58]

Valle Aparicio J.E., San Martín Alonso Á., Valle Escolano R. (2021) Gender inequality in spanish medical research: A paradigmatic case; [Inégalité De Genre Dans La Recherche Médicale Espagnole: Un Cas Paradigmatique]; [Desigualdade De Gênero Na Pesquisa Médica Espanhola: Um Caso Paradigmático]; [Desigualdad De Género En La Investigación Médica Española: Un Caso Paradigmático]. Cadernos de Pesquisa, 51(), -. Fundacao Carlos Chagas.[59]

Cardoso S., Carvalho T., Rosa M.J., Soares D. (2022) Gender (im)balance in the pool of graduate talent: the portuguese case. Tertiary Education and Management, 28(2), 155-170. Springer Science and Business Media B.V..[60]

Schoch L. (2022) The Gender of Sports News: Horizontal Segregation and Marginalization of Female Journalists in the Swiss Press. Communication and Sport, 10(4), 746-766. SAGE Publications Ltd.[61]

Cambronero-Saiz B., Segarra-Saavedra J. (2022) Thematic trends and social networks in Spanish doctoral theses relating to mass media and health (1979/2020); [Tendencias temáticas y redes sociales en tesis doctorales españolas sobre medios de comunicación y salud (1979/2020)]. Revista Espanola de Documentacion Cientifica, 45(4), -. CSIC Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas.[62]

Tortosa-Pérez M., de Oliver J.S.-P., González-Sala F., Ochando F.S., Gil F.T. (2022) Presence and representativeness of female psychologists in different management bodies in the Spanish Psychological Association; [Presencia y representatividad de las psicólogas colegiadas en diferentes órganos de relevancia en la organización colegial española]. Revista Espanola de Documentacion Cientifica, 45(4), -. CSIC Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas.[63]

Hakiem R.A.A.D. (2022) ‘I can’t feel like an academic’: gender inequality in Saudi Arabia’s Higher Education system. Higher Education, -. Springer Science and Business Media B.V..[64]

Neville P. (2022) Feminism, pipelines and gender myths: Interrogating gender equality and inclusion in dentistry. Cultures of Oral Health: Discourses, Practices, and Theory, 65-80. Taylor and Francis.[65]

Caro-González F.J., Sánchez-Torné I., Pérez-Suárez M. (2022) Female entrepreneurs in digital journalism. Journal of Media Business Studies, 19(2), 71-89. Taylor and Francis Ltd..[66]

Buonanno M. (2023) Structure and agency in the career of a female pioneer in Italian journalism: A conversation with Anna Maria Mori. Journal of Italian Cinema and Media Studies, 11(2), 393-401. Intellect Ltd..[67]