Black white segregation

Date and country of first publication

1979
Jersey

Definition

At its current state, this definition has been generated by a Large Language Model (LLM) so far without review by an independent researcher or a member of the curating team of segregation experts that keep the Segregation Wiki online. While we strive for accuracy, we cannot guarantee its reliability, completeness and timeliness. Please use this content with caution and verify information as needed. Also, feel free to improve on the definition as you see fit, including the use of references and other informational resources. We value your input in enhancing the quality and accuracy of the definitions of segregation forms collectively offered in the Segregation Wiki ©.

Segregation based on race, specifically between black and white individuals, has been a longstanding issue in many societies. This segregation can manifest in various forms, such as housing patterns, access to educational opportunities, employment discrimination, and social segregation.

Historically, black-white segregation was enforced through laws and policies that upheld racial discrimination, such as Jim Crow laws in the United States. This led to a clear division between black and white communities, with black individuals often facing systemic barriers that limited their access to resources and opportunities.

Although many of these explicit forms of segregation have been officially abolished, there are still lingering effects that continue to perpetuate black-white segregation. This can be seen in the persistent racial wealth gap, disparities in educational outcomes, and unequal access to healthcare and housing.

Efforts to address black-white segregation require a comprehensive approach that addresses both the structural inequalities that perpetuate segregation and the individual biases that contribute to racial division. This includes implementing policies that promote integration, tackling systemic racism, and fostering meaningful dialogue and understanding between different racial groups.

Further reading

Massey D.S. (1979) "Residential segregation of Spanish Americans in united states Urbanized Areas", Demography, 16(4), pp. 553-563. . DOI: [htttp://doi.org/10.2307/2060935 10.2307/2060935]

Lieberson S.; Carter D.K. (1982) "A Model for Inferring the Voluntary and involuntary causes of residential segregation", Demography, 19(4), pp. 511-526. . DOI: [htttp://doi.org/10.2307/2061016 10.2307/2061016]

Massey D.S. (1983) "A research note on residential succession: The hispanic case", Social Forces, 61(3), pp. 825-833. . DOI: [htttp://doi.org/10.1093/sf/61.3.825 10.1093/sf/61.3.825]

Darden J.T. (1984) "THE RESIDENTIAL SEGREGATION OF AMERICAN INDIANS IN METROPOLITAN AREAS OF MICHIGAN", Journal of Urban Affairs, 6(1), pp. 29-52. . DOI: [htttp://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9906.1984.tb00437.x 10.1111/j.1467-9906.1984.tb00437.x]

Farley J.E. (1986) "Segregated city, segregated suburbs: To what extent are they products of black white socioeconomic differentials?", Urban Geography, 7(2), pp. 164-171. . DOI: [htttp://doi.org/10.2747/0272-3638.7.2.164 10.2747/0272-3638.7.2.164]

Bickford A.; Massey D.S. (1991) "Segregation in the second ghetto: Racial and ethnic segregation in american public housing, 1977", Social Forces, 69(4), pp. 1011-1036. . DOI: [htttp://doi.org/10.1093/sf/69.4.1011 10.1093/sf/69.4.1011]

Peterson R.D.; Krivo L.J. (1993) "Racial segregation and black urban homicide", Social Forces, 71(4), pp. 1001-1026. . DOI: [htttp://doi.org/10.1093/sf/71.4.1001 10.1093/sf/71.4.1001]

Krivo L.J.; Kaufman R.L. (1999) "How low can it go? Declining black white segregation in a multiethnic context", Demography, 36(1), pp. 93-109. Duke University Press. DOI: [htttp://doi.org/10.2307/2648136 10.2307/2648136]

St. John C.; Clymer R. (2000) "Racial residential segregation by level of socioeconomic status", Social Science Quarterly, 81(3), pp. 701-715. Blackwell Publishing Inc.. DOI: [htttp://doi.org/ ]

Krysan M.; Farley R. (2002) "The residential preferences of blacks: Do they explain persistent segregation?", Social Forces, 80(3), pp. 937-980. . DOI: [htttp://doi.org/10.1353/sof.2002.0011 10.1353/sof.2002.0011]

Dawkins C.J. (2004) "Recent evidence on the continuing causes of black white residential segregation", Journal of Urban Affairs, 26(3), pp. 379-400. . DOI: [htttp://doi.org/10.1111/j.0735-2166.2004.00205.x 10.1111/j.0735-2166.2004.00205.x]

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Rosenbaum E.; Argeros G. (2005) "Holding the line: Housing turnover and the persistence of racial/ethnic segregation in New York City", Journal of Urban Affairs, 27(3), pp. 261-281. . DOI: [htttp://doi.org/10.1111/j.0735-2166.2005.00236.x 10.1111/j.0735-2166.2005.00236.x]

Dawkins C. (2006) "The spatial pattern of black white segregation in US metropolitan areas: An exploratory analysis", Urban Studies, 43(11), pp. 1943-1969. . DOI: [htttp://doi.org/10.1080/00420980600897792 10.1080/00420980600897792]

Galster G.; Cutsinger J. (2007) "Racial settlement and metropolitan land use patterns: Does sprawl abet black white segregation?", Urban Geography, 28(6), pp. 516-553. . DOI: [htttp://doi.org/10.2747/0272-3638.28.6.516 10.2747/0272-3638.28.6.516]

Wahl A.-M.G.; Gunkel S.E. (2007) "From old south to new south? Black white residential segregation in micropolitan areas", Sociological Spectrum, 27(5), pp. 507-535. . DOI: [htttp://doi.org/10.1080/02732170701434674 10.1080/02732170701434674]

Fairchild G.B. (2008) "Spatial assimilation and self employement: The case of black Americans", Journal of Developmental Entrepreneurship, 13(3), pp. 269-291. . DOI: [htttp://doi.org/10.1142/S1084946708000971 10.1142/S1084946708000971]

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Friedman S. (2008) "Do declines in residential segregation mean stable neighborhood racial integration in metropolitan America? A research note", Social Science Research, 37(3), pp. 920-933. . DOI: [htttp://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssresearch.2007.06.010 10.1016/j.ssresearch.2007.06.010]

Reardon S.F.; Farrell C.R.; Matthews S.A.; O'Sullivan D.; Bischoff K.; Firebaugh G. (2009) "Race and space in the 1990s: Changes in the geographic scale of racial residential segregation, 1990 2000", Social Science Research, 38(1), pp. 55-70. . DOI: [htttp://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssresearch.2008.10.002 10.1016/j.ssresearch.2008.10.002]

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Gorard S.; Cheng S.C. (2011) "Pupil clustering in english secondary schools: One pattern or several?", International Journal of Research and Method in Education, 34(3), pp. 327-339. . DOI: [htttp://doi.org/10.1080/1743727X.2011.609548 10.1080/1743727X.2011.609548]

Lewis J.H.; Hamilton D.K. (2011) "Race and regionalism: The structure of local government and racial disparity", Urban Affairs Review, 47(3), pp. 349-384. . DOI: [htttp://doi.org/10.1177/1078087410391751 10.1177/1078087410391751]

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Hyra D.S.; Squires G.D.; Renner R.N.; Kirk D.S. (2013) "Metropolitan Segregation and the Subprime Lending Crisis", Housing Policy Debate, 23(1), pp. 177-198. . DOI: [htttp://doi.org/10.1080/10511482.2012.697912 10.1080/10511482.2012.697912]

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Quillian L. (2014) "Does segregation create winners and losers? Residential segregation and inequality in educational attainment", Social Problems, 61(3), pp. 402-426. University of California Press. DOI: [htttp://doi.org/10.1525/sp.2014.12193 10.1525/sp.2014.12193]

Hwang J.; Hankinson M.; Kreg Brown S. (2015) "Racial and spatial targeting: Segregation and subprime lending within and across metropolitan areas", Social Forces, 93(3), pp. 1081-1108. Oxford University Press. DOI: [htttp://doi.org/10.1093/sf/sou099 10.1093/sf/sou099]

Boyd R.L. (2015) "The “Dream of Black Metropolis” in the Early Twentieth Century United States: Racial Segregation, Regional Location, and Black Population Size", Sociological Spectrum, 35(3), pp. 271-285. Bellwether Publishing, Ltd.. DOI: [htttp://doi.org/10.1080/02732173.2015.1021063 10.1080/02732173.2015.1021063]

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Logan J.R.; Bellman B. (2016) "Before The philadelphia negro: Residential segregation in a Nineteenth Century Northern City", Social Science History, 40(4), pp. 683-706. Cambridge University Press. DOI: [htttp://doi.org/10.1017/ssh.2016.27 10.1017/ssh.2016.27]

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Do D.P.; Frank R.; Iceland J. (2017) "Black white metropolitan segregation and self rated health: Investigating the role of neighborhood poverty", Social Science and Medicine, 187(), pp. 85-92. Elsevier Ltd. DOI: [htttp://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2017.06.010 10.1016/j.socscimed.2017.06.010]

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Fiel J.E.; Zhang Y. (2018) "Three Dimensions of Change in School Segregation: A Grade Period Cohort Analysis", Demography, 55(1), pp. 33-58. Springer Science and Business Media, LLC. DOI: [htttp://doi.org/10.1007/s13524-017-0632-9 10.1007/s13524-017-0632-9]

Hess C.; Gabriel R.; Leibbrand C.; Crowder K. (2019) "Does Hypersegregation Matter for Black White Socioeconomic Disparities?", Demography, 56(6), pp. 2169-2191. Springer. DOI: [htttp://doi.org/10.1007/s13524-019-00825-y 10.1007/s13524-019-00825-y]

Light M.T.; Thomas J.T. (2019) "Segregation and Violence Reconsidered: Do Whites Benefit from Residential Segregation?", American Sociological Review, 84(4), pp. 690-725. SAGE Publications Ltd. DOI: [htttp://doi.org/10.1177/0003122419858731 10.1177/0003122419858731]

Mehra R.; Keene D.E.; Kershaw T.S.; Ickovics J.R.; Warren J.L. (2019) "Racial and ethnic disparities in adverse birth outcomes: Differences by racial residential segregation", SSM - Population Health, 8(), pp. -. Elsevier Ltd. DOI: [htttp://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssmph.2019.100417 10.1016/j.ssmph.2019.100417]

Hall M.; Iceland J.; Yi Y. (2019) "Racial Separation at Home and Work: Segregation in Residential and Workplace Settings", Population Research and Policy Review, 38(5), pp. 671-694. Springer Netherlands. DOI: [htttp://doi.org/10.1007/s11113-019-09510-9 10.1007/s11113-019-09510-9]

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Blatt L.; Votruba-Drzal E. (2021) "District Level School Choice and Racial/Ethnic Test Score Gaps", American Educational Research Journal, 58(6), pp. 1178-1224. SAGE Publications Inc.. DOI: [htttp://doi.org/10.3102/0002831221999405 10.3102/0002831221999405]

Clotfelter C.T.; Ladd H.F.; Clifton C.R.; Turaeva M.R. (2021) "School Segregation at the Classroom Level in a Southern ‘New Destination’ State", Race and Social Problems, 13(2), pp. 131-160. Springer. DOI: [htttp://doi.org/10.1007/s12552-020-09309-w 10.1007/s12552-020-09309-w]

Kitchens K. (2021) "Dividing Lines: The Role School District Boundaries Play in Spending Inequality for Public Education", Social Science Quarterly, 102(1), pp. 468-491. Blackwell Publishing Ltd. DOI: [htttp://doi.org/10.1111/ssqu.12886 10.1111/ssqu.12886]

Kitchens K.E. (2021) "Exit or invest: Segregation increases investment in public schools", Journal of Politics, 83(1), pp. 71-86. University of Chicago Press. DOI: [htttp://doi.org/10.1086/708916 10.1086/708916]

Fiel J.E. (2022) "Opportunity Seeking Across Segregated Schools: Unintended Effects of Automatic Admission Policies on High School Segregation", Educational Evaluation and Policy Analysis, 44(3), pp. 485-504. SAGE Publications Inc.. DOI: [htttp://doi.org/10.3102/01623737221078286 10.3102/01623737221078286]

Smith R.M.; Blizard Z.D. (2022) "Does Municipal Incorporation Influence Levels of Black White Segregation? Evidence from Counties in the Southern United States, 1990 2010", Southeastern Geographer, 62(3), pp. 253-270. University of North Carolina Press. DOI: [htttp://doi.org/10.1353/sgo.2022.0028 10.1353/sgo.2022.0028]

Hackworth J. (2023) "Anti Black residential preferences in Toronto", Journal of Urban Affairs, -. Taylor and Francis Ltd.. DOI: [htttp://doi.org/10.1080/07352166.2022.2157731 10.1080/07352166.2022.2157731]

Baker R.B.; Solanki S.M.; Kang C. (2023) "Horizontal and Vertical Racial Segregation in Higher Education: Examining Trends in California Public Colleges", Journal of Higher Education, 94(1), pp. 60-95. Routledge. DOI: [htttp://doi.org/10.1080/00221546.2022.2131970 10.1080/00221546.2022.2131970]