Jim crow segregation

Date and country of first publication

1976
United States

Definition

Jim Crow segregation refers to the system of racial segregation and discrimination that was implemented in the southern United States following the Reconstruction Era. Named after a popular minstrel character that depicted African Americans in a derogatory manner, Jim Crow laws enforced racial segregation in public spaces such as schools, restaurants, buses, and water fountains. These laws also restricted voting rights and economic opportunities for African Americans, essentially creating a separate and unequal society.

Jim Crow segregation was upheld and enforced by both laws and social customs, perpetuating the idea of white supremacy and the inferiority of African Americans. This system of segregation remained in place until the Civil Rights Movement of the 1960s, when laws such as the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and the Voting Rights Act of 1965 were passed to dismantle segregation and eliminate discriminatory practices.

Related segregation forms

Jim crow segregation is frequently discussed in the literature with the following segregation forms:

racial segregation, school segregation, park segregation, cultural segregation, legal segregation

Visualization based on the research

For the complete network of associated segregation forms, see:

• First year of publication https://tinyurl.com/2235lkhw

• Louvain clusters https://tinyurl.com/2d8wg5n3

• Betweenness centrality https://tinyurl.com/223udk5r

• Disciplines where segregation forms first appeared https://tinyurl.com/244d8unz

Notes

At its current state, this definition has been generated by a Large Language Model (LLM) so far without review by an independent researcher or a member of the curating team of segregation experts that keep the Segregation Wiki online. While we strive for accuracy, we cannot guarantee its reliability, completeness and timeliness. Please use this content with caution and verify information as needed. Also, feel free to improve on the definition as you see fit, including the use of references and other informational resources. We value your input in enhancing the quality and accuracy of the definitions of segregation forms collectively offered in the Segregation Wiki ©.

Jim crow segregation appears in the following literature

Wilson W.J. (1976). Class conflict and jim crow segregation in the postbellum south. Sociological Perspectives, 19(4), 431-446. https://doi.org/10.2307/1388831

Digby-Junger R. (1998). The guardian, crisis, messenger, and negro world : The early 20th century black radical press. Howard Journal of Communications, 9(3), 263-282. https://doi.org/10.1080/106461798247023

Golub M. (2005). Plessy as "passing": Judicial responses to ambiguously raced bodies in Plessy v. Ferguson. Law and Society Review, 39(3), 563-600. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-5893.2005.00234.x

Wacquant L. (2005). Race as civic felony. International Social Science Journal, 57(183), 127-142. Blackwell Publishing Ltd.https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0020-8701.2005.00536.x

O'Brien W. (2007). The strange career of a Florida State Park: Uncovering a Jim Crow past. Historical Geography, 35(), 160-184. https://doi.org/

Wallach J.J. (2008). Closer to the truth than any fact: Memoir, memory, and jim crow. Closer to the Truth Than Any Fact: Memoir, Memory, and Jim Crow, 1-176. University of Georgia Press.https://doi.org/

Armitage S., Mercier L. (2009). 1900 1920. Palgrave Studies in Oral History, 39-70. Palgrave Macmillan.https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-230-10491-4_3

Connolly N.D.B. (2009). Timely innovations: Planes, trains and the whites only economy of a Pan American city. Urban History, 36(2), 243-261. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0963926809006270

Zelden C.L. (2009). In no event shall a Negro be eligible: The NAACP takes on the Texas all white primary, 1923 1944. Long is The Way and Hard: One Hundred Years of the NAACP, 135-153. University of Arkansas Press.https://doi.org/

Gillespie A. (2009). Whose black politics?: Cases in post racial black leadership. Whose Black Politics?: Cases in Post-Racial Black Leadership, 1-335. Routledge.https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203893722

K'Meyer T.E. (2009). Civil rights in the gateway to the South: Louisville, Kentucky 1945 1980. Civil Rights in the Gateway to the South: Louisville, Kentucky 1945-1980, 1-410. University Press of Kentucky.https://doi.org/

Roxworthy E. (201). Nisei girls' kabuki in wartime Arkansas: Cultural segregation and cross dressing at Rohwer and Jerome. Women and Performance, 20(2), 185-203. https://doi.org/10.1080/0740770X.2010.492177

Benjamin M. (201). A colored authors collection to exhibit to the world and educate a race. Education and the Culture of Print in Modern America, 36-56. University of Wisconsin Press.https://doi.org/

Warren K.W. (201). On what was African American literature?. Amerikastudien, 55(4), 739-742. https://doi.org/

Bricker-Jenkins M., Baptist W. (201). The movement to end poverty in the United States. Economic Rights in Canada and the United States, 103-117. University of Pennsylvania Press.https://doi.org/

Lee J., Bean F.D. (201). The diversity paradox: Immigration and the color line in twenty first century America. The Diversity Paradox: Immigration and the Color Line in Twenty-First Century America, 1-234. Russell Sage Foundation.https://doi.org/

Lucero B. (2011). Racial geographies, imperial transitions: Property ownership and race relations in cienfuegos, cuba, 1894 1899. Journal of Transnational American Studies, 3(2), -. https://doi.org/

Jun H.H. (2011). Race for citizenship: Black orientalism and Asian uplift from pre emancipation to neoliberal America. Race for Citizenship: Black Orientalism and Asian Uplift from Pre-Emancipation to Neoliberal America, 1-197. New York University Press.https://doi.org/

Plastas M. (2011). A band of noble women: Racial politics in the Women's peace movement. A band of noble women: Racial politics in the Women's peace movement, 1-322. Syracuse University Press.https://doi.org/

Dowe P.F. (2011). V.O. Key Jr.'s missing link: Black southern political culture and development. Unlocking V. O. Key Jr.: Southern Politics for the Twenty-First Century, 23-38. University of Arkansas Press.https://doi.org/

Inwood J.F.J. (2011). Geographies of race in the American south the continuing legacies of Jim crow segregation. Southeastern Geographer, 51(4), 564-577. University of North Carolina Press.https://doi.org/10.1353/sgo.2011.0033

Olsson J. (2012). Modernity Stops at Nothing: The American Chase Film and the Specter of Lynching. A Companion to Early Cinema, 257-276. Blackwell Publishing Ltd..https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118274453.ch14

Rowan M. (2012). Punishing from a Sense of Innocence: An Essay on Guilt, Innocence, and Punishment in America. Critical Criminology, 20(4), 377-394. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10612-012-9155-2

Jenkins R.D. (2012). Black Fraternal Organizations: Understanding the Development of Hegemonic Masculinity and Sexuality. Journal of African American Studies, 16(2), 226-235. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12111-010-9149-7

Jurado K. (2013). "Have we not a mind like they?": Jovita González on nation and gender. Women and Rhetoric between the Wars, 9780809331390(), 209-222. Southern Illinois University Press.https://doi.org/

Chakkalakal T., Warren K.W. (2013). Jim Crow, literature, and the legacy of Sutton E. Griggs. Jim Crow, Literature, and the Legacy of Sutton E. Griggs, 1-312. Project Muse.https://doi.org/

Topping S. (2013). The Dusky Doughboys: Interaction between African American soldiers and the population of Northern Ireland during the second world war. Journal of American Studies, 47(4), 1131-1154. Cambridge University Press.https://doi.org/10.1017/S0021875812001764

Harris L. (2014). The "Commonwealth of virginia vs. Virginia Christian": Southern black women, crime & punishment in progressive era Virginia. Journal of Social History, 47(4), 922-942. Oxford University Press.https://doi.org/10.1093/jsh/shu024

Wuthnow R. (2014). Rough country: How Texas became America's most powerful Bible belt state. Rough Country: How Texas Became America's Most Powerful Bible-Belt State, 1-654. Princeton University Press.https://doi.org/

Potter S. (2014). Everybody else: Adoption and the politics of domestic diversity in postwar America. Everybody Else: Adoption and the Politics of Domestic Diversity in Postwar America, 1-254. University of Georgia.https://doi.org/

Strauss D.A. (2014). The Neo Hamiltonian temptation. Yale Law Journal, 123(8), 2676-2697. Yale Law Journal.https://doi.org/

Lamm K. (2015). Between the open and the hidden: Clothing, segregation, and the feminine counter archive in the photographs of Gordon Parks. Critical Arts, 29(), 134-149. Routledge.https://doi.org/10.1080/02560046.2015.1102266

Nunn E. (2015). Sounding the color line: Music and race in the Southern imagination. Sounding the Color Line: Music and Race in the Southern Imagination, 1-216. University of Georgia Press.https://doi.org/

Kiesel D. (2015). She can bring us home: Dr. Dorothy Boulding Ferebee, civil rights pioneer. She Can Bring us Home: Dr. Dorothy Boulding Ferebee, Civil Rights Pioneer, 1-383. Potomac Books.https://doi.org/

Andrews K.T., Beyerlein K., Farnum T.T. (2016). The legitimacy of protest: Explaining white southerners' attitudes toward the civil rights movement. Social Forces, 94(3), 1021-1044. Oxford University Press.https://doi.org/10.1093/sf/sov097

Stephens R.J. (2016). Where else did they copy their styles but from church groups?: Rock 'n' Roll and Pentecostalism in the 1950s South. Church History, 85(1), 97-131. Cambridge University Press.https://doi.org/10.1017/S0009640715001365

Herbert A. (2016). Martin Luther King Jr. Identity Is Key. SpringerBriefs on Key Thinkers in Education, 1-14. Springer.https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-39235-6_1

Hernández T.K. (2016). Envisioning the United States in the Latin American myth of ‘racial democracy mestizaje’. Latin American and Caribbean Ethnic Studies, 11(2), 189-205. Routledge.https://doi.org/10.1080/17442222.2016.1170953

Hughes S.M. (2017). Walking the tightrope between racial stereotypes and respectability: images of African American and Native American artists in the golden age of the circus. Early Popular Visual Culture, 15(3), 315-333. Routledge.https://doi.org/10.1080/17460654.2017.1383028

Robinson S. (2017). African American citizenship, the 1883. Civil Rights Cases and the creation of the Jim Crow South. History, 102(350), 225-241. Blackwell Publishing Ltd.https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-229X.12375

Wood A.L. (2017). The South. A Companion to the Gilded Age and Progressive Era, 44-57. Wiley Blackwell.https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118913994.ch4

Jackson R. (2017). Fade in, crossroads: A history of the southern cinema. Fade in, Crossroads: A History of the Southern Cinema, 1-332. Oxford University Press.https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190660178.001.0001

Flynn A., Holmberg S.R., Warren D.T., Wong F.J. (2017). The hidden rules of race: Barriers to an inclusive economy. The Hidden Rules of Race: Barriers to an Inclusive Economy, 1-221. Cambridge University Press.https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108277846

McLaughlin-Stonham H. (2018). Transport and turmoil: The turbulent racial history of transport in new orleans. European Journal of American Culture, 37(2), 141-157. Intellect Ltd..https://doi.org/10.1386/ejac.37.2.141_1

McRae E.G. (2018). Mothers of massive resistance: White women and the politics of white supremacy. Mothers of Massive Resistance: White Women and the Politics of White Supremacy, 1-352. Oxford University Press.https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190271718.001.0001

Jarvis R.M., Colburn D.R., MacManus S.A. (2018). Florida’s other courts: Unconventional justice in the sunshine state. Florida's Other Courts: Unconventional Justice in the Sunshine State, 1-208. University Press of Florida.https://doi.org/

Ferguson R.H. (2018). Remaking the rural south: Interracialism, christian socialism, and cooperative farming in jim crow mississippi. Remaking the Rural South: Interracialism, Christian Socialism, and Cooperative Farming in Jim Crow Mississippi, 1-211. University of Georgia Press.https://doi.org/

Muigai W. (2019). “Something wasn’t clean”: Black midwifery, birth, and postwar medical education in all my babies. Bulletin of the History of Medicine, 93(1), 82-113. Johns Hopkins University Press.https://doi.org/10.1353/bhm.2019.0003

Shumow M. (2019). “Why is it Here, of All Places?": Debris Cleanup, Black Space, and Narratives of Marginalized Geographies in Post Irma Miami Dade. Climate Change, Media and Culture: Critical Issues in Global Environmental Communication, 13-32. Emerald Group Publishing Ltd..https://doi.org/10.1108/978-1-78769-967-020191004

Walker-DeVose D.C., Dawson A., Schueths A.M., Brimeyer T., Freeman J.Y. (2019). Southern assumptions: normalizing racialized structures at a university in the Deep South. Race Ethnicity and Education, 22(3), 355-373. Routledge.https://doi.org/10.1080/13613324.2017.1417256

Blackhawk M. (2019). Federal Indian law as paradigm within public law. Harvard Law Review, 132(7), 1791-1877. Harvard Law Review Association.https://doi.org/

Woodard L.A. (202). “A Free America for All Peoples . . .”: Fredi Washington, the Negro Actors Guild, and the Voice of the People. Journal of African American History, 105(3), 452-478. University of Chicago Press.https://doi.org/10.1086/709201

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Bailey E., Ewen C. (202). A Community Activist, a Cultural Anthropologist, and an Archaeologist Walk into a Cemetery: Re establishing Community Pride After a Jim Crow Atrocity. Journal of African Diaspora Archaeology and Heritage, 9(3), 239-254. Taylor and Francis Ltd..https://doi.org/10.1080/21619441.2021.1902185

Hayter J.M. (202). Crusading for citizenship: how the mid twentieth century quest for African American voting rights emphasized plurality over populism. Leadership, Populism, and Resistance, 90-105. Edward Elgar Publishing Ltd..https://doi.org/10.4337/9781788979269.00013

Moore J.R. (202). And justice for all: Teaching the reparations debate. Journal of Social Studies Education Research, 11(2), 27-60. Association for Social Studies Educa.https://doi.org/

Givel M.S. (2021). Evolution of a sundown town and racial caste system: Norman, Oklahoma from 1889 to 1967. Ethnicities, 21(4), 664-683. SAGE Publications Ltd.https://doi.org/10.1177/14687968211011174

Alexander N.G. (2021). ‘The curse of race prejudice’: debates about racial ‘prejudice’ in the United States, c. 1750 1900. Patterns of Prejudice, 55(1), 25-46. Routledge.https://doi.org/10.1080/0031322X.2021.1898812

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Zier M. (2021). Crimes of omission: State action doctrine and anti lynching legislation in the jim crowera. Stanford Law Review, 73(3), 777-819. Stanford Law School.https://doi.org/

Smångs M. (2021). The White Working Class and the Legacy of the 1960s Ku Klux Klan in the 2016 Presidential Election. Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 694(1), 189-204. SAGE Publications Inc..https://doi.org/10.1177/00027162211019679

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Brand A.L. (2022). Black Mecca futures: Re Membering New Orleans’s Claiborne Avenue. Journal of Urban Affairs, 44(6), 808-821. Taylor and Francis Ltd..https://doi.org/10.1080/07352166.2020.1860675