Metropolitan segregation
2000
united states
Metropolitan segregation refers to the spatial separation of different social, economic, and racial or ethnic groups within a metropolitan area. It occurs when certain neighborhoods or areas become predominantly inhabited by specific groups, resulting in limited interaction and integration between different communities.
There are several factors that contribute to metropolitan segregation. Historical patterns of residential segregation, discriminatory practices such as redlining, and unequal access to housing and opportunities have all played a role in shaping the spatial organization of cities. Economic disparities, racial or ethnic tensions, and cultural differences also contribute to the perpetuation of segregation.
Metropolitan segregation has significant social and economic implications. It often leads to unequal access to resources and opportunities, such as quality education, healthcare, and employment. It also exacerbates social divisions, reinforces stereotypes, and perpetuates inequalities. Additionally, segregated neighborhoods can experience higher crime rates, poorer infrastructure, and limited social mobility.
Efforts to address metropolitan segregation include policies aimed at promoting fair housing, increasing economic opportunities in disadvantaged areas, and investing in infrastructure and public services in segregated neighborhoods. Community organizing, grassroots initiatives, and public awareness campaigns also play a crucial role in fostering integration and reducing segregation.
Despite these efforts, metropolitan segregation remains a complex and deeply entrenched issue. It requires comprehensive and sustained actions on multiple levels, including government policies, community engagement, and individual attitudes, to create more inclusive and equitable metropolitan areas.
See also
References
Further reading
Hyra D.; Squires G.D.; Renner R.; Kirk D.S. (2022) "Metropolitan segregation and the subprime lending crisis: Housing Policy Debate, 2012", The Affordable Housing Reader, 396-414. Taylor and Francis. DOI: 10.4324/9780429299377-35
Maniere E. (2022) "A “Most Conscientious and Considerate Method”: Residential Segregation and Integrationist Activism in Grosse Pointe, Michigan, 1960 1970", Journal of Urban History, -. SAGE Publications Inc.. DOI: 10.1177/00961442211066936
Do D.P.; Frank R.; Iceland J. (2017) "Black white metropolitan segregation and self rated health: Investigating the role of neighborhood poverty", Social Science and Medicine, 187(), pp. 85-92. Elsevier Ltd. DOI: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2017.06.010
Do D.P.; Frank R.; Iceland J. (2017) "Black white metropolitan segregation and self rated health: Investigating the role of neighborhood poverty", Social Science and Medicine, 187(), pp. 85-92. Elsevier Ltd. DOI: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2017.06.010
Talen E. (2017) "Neighborhood social diversity and metropolitan segregation", In The Post-Urban World: Emergent Transformation of Cities and Regions in the Innovative Global Economy, 274-291. Taylor and Francis. DOI: 10.4324/9781315672168
Do D.P.; Locklar L.R.B.; Florsheim P. (2019) "Triple jeopardy: the joint impact of racial segregation and neighborhood poverty on the mental health of black Americans", Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 54(5), pp. 533-541. Dr. Dietrich Steinkopff Verlag GmbH and Co. KG. DOI: 10.1007/s00127-019-01654-5
Do D.P.; Locklar L.R.B.; Florsheim P. (2019) "Triple jeopardy: the joint impact of racial segregation and neighborhood poverty on the mental health of black Americans", Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 54(5), pp. 533-541. Dr. Dietrich Steinkopff Verlag GmbH and Co. KG. DOI: 10.1007/s00127-019-01654-5
Logan J.R.; Kye S.; Jacob Carlson H.; Minca E.; Schleith D. (2023) "The Role of Suburbanization in Metropolitan Segregation After 1940", Demography, 60(1), pp. 281-301. Duke University Press. DOI: 10.1215/00703370-10430012
Haupert T. (2022) "New Technology, Old Patterns: Fintech Lending, Metropolitan Segregation, and Subprime Credit", Race and Social Problems, 14(4), pp. 293-307. Springer. DOI: 10.1007/s12552-021-09353-0
Jang J.B.; Hicken M.T.; Mullins M.; Esposito M.; Sol K.; Manly J.J.; Judd S.; Wadley V.; Clarke P.J. (2022) "Racial Segregation and Cognitive Function among Older Adults in the United States: Findings from the Reasons for Geographic and Racial Differences in Stroke Study", Journals of Gerontology - Series B Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences, 77(6), pp. 1132-1143. Gerontological Society of America. DOI: 10.1093/geronb/gbab107
Crowell A.; Fossett M. (2022) "Metropolitan racial residential segregation in the United States: A microlevel and cross context analysis of Black, Latino, and Asian segregation", Demographic Research, 46(), pp. 217-260. Max Planck Institute for Demographic Research. DOI: 10.4054/DEMRES.2022.46.8
Hess C.; Acolin A.; Walter R.; Kennedy I.; Chasins S.; Crowder K. (2021) "Searching for housing in the digital age: Neighborhood representation on internet rental housing platforms across space, platform, and metropolitan segregation", Environment and Planning A, 53(8), pp. 2012-2032. SAGE Publications Ltd. DOI: 10.1177/0308518X211034177
Hashimoto Y. (2021) "Racing the creative class: diversity, racialized discourses of work, and colorblind redevelopment", Urban Geography, 42(4), pp. 528-550. Routledge. DOI: 10.1080/02723638.2020.1731180
Richards M.P.; Stroub K.J. (2020) "Metropolitan public school district segregation by race and income, 2000 2011", Teachers College Record, 122(5), pp. 21-41. Teachers College, Columbia University. DOI: [1]
Hall M.; Iceland J.; Yi Y. (2019) "Racial Separation at Home and Work: Segregation in Residential and Workplace Settings", Population Research and Policy Review, 38(5), pp. 671-694. Springer Netherlands. DOI: 10.1007/s11113-019-09510-9
Arcaya M.C.; Schwartz G.; Subramanian S.V. (2018) "A multi level modeling approach to understanding residential segregation in the United States", Environment and Planning B: Urban Analytics and City Science, 45(6), pp. 1090-1105. SAGE Publications Ltd. DOI: 10.1177/2399808318760858
Galster G.; Santiago A. (2017) "Neighbourhood ethnic composition and outcomes for low income Latino and African American children", Urban Studies, 54(2), pp. 482-500. SAGE Publications Ltd. DOI: 10.1177/0042098015598067
Stroub K.J.; Richards M.P. (2017) "Suburbanizing segregation? Changes in racial/ethnic diversity and the geographic distribution of metropolitan school segregation, 2002 2012", Teachers College Record, 119(7), pp. 1-40. Teachers College, Columbia University. DOI: [2]
Farrell C.R. (2016) "Immigrant suburbanisation and the shifting geographic structure of metropolitan segregation in the United States", Urban Studies, 53(1), pp. 57-76. SAGE Publications Ltd. DOI: 10.1177/0042098014558537
Lichter D.T.; Parisi D.; Taquino M.C. (2015) "Toward a New Macro Segregation? Decomposing Segregation within and between Metropolitan Cities and Suburbs", American Sociological Review, 80(4), pp. 843-873. American Sociological Association. DOI: 10.1177/0003122415588558
Orfield M. (2015) "Milliken, Meredith, and metropolitan segregation", UCLA Law Review, 62(2), pp. 364-462. American Statistical Association. DOI: [3]
Richards M.P.; Stroub K.J. (2014) "The fragmentation of metropolitan public school districts and the segregation of American schools: A longitudinal analysis", Teachers College Record, 116(12), pp. -. Teachers College, Columbia University. DOI: [4]
Hyra D.S.; Squires G.D.; Renner R.N.; Kirk D.S. (2013) "Metropolitan Segregation and the Subprime Lending Crisis", Housing Policy Debate, 23(1), pp. 177-198. . DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2012.697912
Hutson M.A.; Wilson S. (2011) "The role of community based strategies in addressing metropolitan segregation and racial health disparities", Community Development, 42(4), pp. 476-493. . DOI: 10.1080/15575330.2011.588067
Defina R.; Hannon L. (2010) "Increasing diversity and the future of U.S. Housing segregation", Neighborhood and Life Chances: How Place Matters in Modern America, 271-287. University of Pennsylvania Press. DOI: [5]
vonLockette N.D. (2010) "The impact of metropolitan residential segregation on the employment chances of blacks and whites in the United States", City and Community, 9(3), pp. 256-273. . DOI: 10.1111/j.1540-6040.2010.01332.x
Warner E.T.; Gomez S.L. (2010) "Impact of neighborhood racial composition and metropolitan residential segregation on disparities in breast cancer stage at diagnosis and survival between black and white women in California", Journal of Community Health, 35(4), pp. 398-408. . DOI: 10.1007/s10900-010-9265-2
Iceland J.; Goyette K.A.; Nelson K.A.; Chan C. (2010) "Racial and ethnic residential segregation and household structure: A research note", Social Science Research, 39(1), pp. 39-47. . DOI: 10.1016/j.ssresearch.2009.06.006
Frankenberg E. (2009) "Splintering school districts: Understanding the link between segregation and fragmentation", Law and Social Inquiry, 34(4), pp. 869-909. . DOI: 10.1111/j.1747-4469.2009.01166.x
Freeman L. (2009) "Neighbourhood diversity, metropolitan segregation and gentrification: What are the links in the US?", Urban Studies, 46(10), pp. 2079-2101. . DOI: 10.1177/0042098009339426
Fischer M.J. (2008) "Shifting geographies: Examining the role of suburbanization in blacks' declining segregation", Urban Affairs Review, 43(4), pp. 475-496. . DOI: 10.1177/1078087407305499
Farrell C.R. (2008) "Bifurcation, fragmentation or integration? The racial and geographical structure of US metropolitan segregation, 1990 2000", Urban Studies, 45(3), pp. 467-499. . DOI: 10.1177/0042098007087332
Fischer C.S.; Stockmayer G.; Stiles J.; Hout M. (2004) "Distinguishing the geographic levels and social dimensions of U.S. metropolitan segregation, 1960 2000", Demography, 41(1), pp. 37-59. Duke University Press. DOI: 10.1353/dem.2004.0002
Gordon T.M. (2004) "Moving up by moving out? Planned developments and residential segregation in California", Urban Studies, 41(2), pp. 441-461. . DOI: 10.1080/0042098032000165334
White M.J.; Fong E.; Cai Q. (2003) "The segregation of Asian origin groups in the United States and Canada", Social Science Research, 32(1), pp. 148-167. Academic Press Inc.. DOI: 10.1016/S0049-089X(02)00023-6
Clotfelter C.T. (2001) "Are whites still fleeing? Racial patterns and enrollment shifts in urban public schools, 1987 1996", Journal of Policy Analysis and Management, 20(2), pp. 199-221. . DOI: 10.1002/pam.2022
Reardon S.F.; Yun J.T.; Eitle T.M. (2000) "The changing structure of school segregation: Measurement and evidence of multiracial metropolitan area school segregation, 1989 1995", Demography, 37(3), pp. 351-364. Duke University Press. DOI: 10.2307/2648047