Formal segregation

2004
united states

Formal segregation refers to the enforced separation of different racial, ethnic, or cultural groups within a society by laws, regulations, or policies. This type of segregation is typically sanctioned by the government or other official institutions and can involve the segregation of public facilities, accommodations, schools, workplaces, and other institutions based on race, ethnicity, religion, or other characteristics. Formal segregation was historically prevalent in many countries, particularly during periods of institutionalized racism and discrimination.

Further reading

Canham H.; Maier C. (2020) "In the Blood: The Consequences of Naturalising Microsegregation in Workplace Social Networks", Group and Organization Management, 45(5), pp. 674-708. SAGE Publications Inc.. DOI: 10.1177/1059601120949347

Cobb C.R. (2019) "Flat Ontologies, Cosmopolitanism, and Space at Carolina Forts", Historical Archaeology, 53(1), pp. 73-85. Springer International Publishing. DOI: 10.1007/s41636-019-00160-4

Macfarlane K. (2018) "Education, sufficiency, and the relational egalitarian ideal", Journal of Applied Philosophy, 35(4), pp. 759-774. Wiley-Blackwell. DOI: 10.1111/japp.12260

Vice S. (2018) "Impartiality, partiality and privilege: The view from South Africa", Debating African Philosophy: Perspectives on Identity, Decolonial Ethics and Comparative Philosophy, 130-145. Taylor and Francis. DOI: 10.4324/9780429438189-9

Schieferdecker D.; Wessler H. (2017) "Bridging Segregation Via Media Exposure? Ingroup Identification, Outgroup Distance, and Low Direct Contact Reduce Outgroup Appearance in Media Repertoires", Journal of Communication, 67(6), pp. 993-1014. Blackwell Publishing Ltd. DOI: 10.1111/jcom.12338

Telles E.E. (2014) "Race in another America: The significance of skin color in Brazil", Race in Another America: The Significance of Skin Color in Brazil, 1-324. Princeton University Press. DOI: [1]

Snyder R.W. (2010) "A useless and terrible death: The Michael farmer case, "Hidden Violence," and New York City in the fifties", Journal of Urban History, 36(2), pp. 226-250. . DOI: 10.1177/0096144209351107

Paajanen P.; Seppälä T.; Stevenson C.; Riikonen R.; Finell E. (2023) "Keeping Apart on the Playground: Construction of Informal Segregation on Public Playgrounds in Multiethnic Neighborhoods", Social Psychology Quarterly, 86(1), pp. 53-73. SAGE Publications Inc.. DOI: 10.1177/01902725221116632

Bettencourt L.; Dixon J.; Castro P. (2019) "Understanding How and Why Spatial Segregation Endures: A Systematic Review of Recent Research on Intergroup Relations at a Micro Ecological Scale", Social Psychological Bulletin, 14(2), pp. -. PsychOpen. DOI: 10.32872/spb.v14i2.33482

Iqbal H. (2014) "Multicultural parenting: Preparation for bias socialisation in British South Asian and White families in the UK", International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 43(PB), pp. 215-226. Elsevier Ltd. DOI: 10.1016/j.ijintrel.2014.08.017

Orr R.; Mckeown S.; Cairns E.; Stringer M. (2012) "Examining non racial segregation: A micro ecological approach", British Journal of Social Psychology, 51(4), pp. 717-723. John Wiley and Sons Ltd.. DOI: 10.1111/j.2044-8309.2011.02080.x

Young C.; Mayson T. (2010) "The Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Scale (AUDIT) normative scores for a multiracial sample of Rhodes University residence students", Journal of Child and Adolescent Mental Health, 22(1), pp. 15-23. . DOI: 10.2989/17280583.2010.493659

Dixon J.; Durrheim K. (2003) "Contact and the ecology of racial division: Some varieties of informal segregation", British Journal of Social Psychology, 42(1), pp. 1-23. . DOI: 10.1348/014466603763276090

Schrieff L.; Tredoux C.; Dixon J.; Finchilescu G. (2005) "Patterns of racial segregation in university residence dining halls", South African Journal of Psychology, 35(3), pp. 433-443. Bureau for Scientific Publications. DOI: 10.1177/008124630503500303

Finchilescu G.; Tredoux C.; Mynhardt J.; Pillay J.; Muianga L. (2007) "Accounting for lack of interracial mixing amongst South African university students", South African Journal of Psychology, 37(4), pp. 720-737. SAGE Publications Inc.. DOI: 10.1177/008124630703700404

Alexander L. (2007) "Invading pure space: Disrupting black and white racially homogenised spaces", South African Journal of Psychology, 37(4), pp. 738-754. Bureau for Scientific Publications. DOI: 10.1177/008124630703700405

Finchilescu G. (2005) "Meta stereotypes may hinder inter racial contact", South African Journal of Psychology, 35(3), pp. 460-472. Bureau for Scientific Publications. DOI: 10.1177/008124630503500305

Mizrav E. (2023) "Segregate, Discriminate, Signal: A Model for Understanding Policy Drivers of Educational Inequality", Educational Policy, 37(2), pp. 554-581. SAGE Publications Inc.. DOI: 10.1177/08959048211029026

Agrizzi D.; Soobaroyen T.; Alsalloom A. (2021) "Spatiality and accounting: The case of female segregation in audit firms", Accounting, Organizations and Society, 93(), pp. -. Elsevier Ltd. DOI: 10.1016/j.aos.2021.101238

Ballard R.; Hamann C.; Mkhize T. (2021) "Johannesburg: Repetitions and Disruptions of Spatial Patterns", GeoJournal Library, 35-55. Springer Science and Business Media B.V.. DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-73073-4_3

Grove M.; Ogden L.; Pickett S.; Boone C.; Buckley G.; Locke D.H.; Lord C.; Hall B. (2018) "The Legacy Effect: Understanding How Segregation and Environmental Injustice Unfold over Time in Baltimore", Annals of the American Association of Geographers, 108(2), pp. 524-537. Taylor and Francis Ltd.. DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2017.1365585

Priest N.; Paradies Y.; Ferdinand A.; Rouhani L.; Kelaher M. (2014) "Patterns of intergroup contact in public spaces: Micro ecology of segregation in australian communities", Societies, 4(1), pp. 30-44. MDPI. DOI: 10.3390/soc4010030

Alexander L.; Tredoux C. (2010) "The spaces between Us: A spatial analysis of informal segregation at a South African University", Journal of Social Issues, 66(2), pp. 367-386. . DOI: 10.1111/j.1540-4560.2010.01650.x

Fiss O. (2009) "A way out: America's ghettos and the legacy of racism", A Way Out: America's Ghettos and the Legacy of Racism, -. Princeton University Press. DOI: [2]

Fiss O.; Cohen J.; Decker J.; Rogers J. (2009) "A way out: America's ghettos and the legacy of racism", A Way Out: America's Ghettos and the Legacy of Racism, 1-130. Princeton University Press. DOI: [3]

Goldstone D. (2006) "Integrating the 40 acres: The fifty year struggle for racial equality at the university of Texas", Integrating the 40 Acres: The Fifty-Year Struggle for Racial Equality at the University of Texas, 1-213. University of Georgia Press. DOI: [4]

Mykerezi E.; Mills B.F. (2004) "Education and economic well being in racially diverse rural counties: The role of Historically Black Colleges and Universities", Review of Regional Studies, 34(3), pp. 303-319. . DOI: [5]

Durrheim K.; Trotter K.; Piper L.; Manicom D. (2004) "From Exclusion to Informal Segregation: The Limits to Racial Transformation at the University of Natal", Social Dynamics, 30(1), pp. 141-169. . DOI: 10.1080/02533950408628667

Clement D.C.; Harding J.R. (1978) "Social Distinctions and Emergent Student Groups in a Desegregated School", Anthropology & Education Quarterly, 9(4), pp. 272-282. . DOI: 10.1525/aeq.1978.9.4.05x1858l