Black segregation

Date and country of first publication

1981
United States

Definition

At its current state, this definition has been generated by a Large Language Model (LLM) so far without review by an independent researcher or a member of the curating team of segregation experts that keep the Segregation Wiki online. While we strive for accuracy, we cannot guarantee its reliability, completeness and timeliness. Please use this content with caution and verify information as needed. Also, feel free to improve on the definition as you see fit, including the use of references and other informational resources. We value your input in enhancing the quality and accuracy of the definitions of segregation forms collectively offered in the Segregation Wiki ©.

The term "black segregation" refers to the practice of segregating or separating African Americans from other racial groups, typically through laws, policies, and discriminatory practices. This segregation was common in the United States during the Jim Crow era, when laws were in place that enforced racial segregation in public spaces such as schools, restaurants, and public transportation. Black segregation contributed to the marginalization and inequality faced by African Americans, and it was not until the Civil Rights Movement of the 1960s that segregation was legally abolished. However, the effects of black segregation continue to impact communities to this day, as disparities in education, healthcare, and economic opportunities persist.

Further reading

Matre M.; Mindiola T., Jr. (1981) "Residential segregation in Southwestern metropolitan areas: 1970", Sociological Focus, 14(1), pp. 15-31. . DOI: [htttp://doi.org/10.1080/00380237.1981.10570379 10.1080/00380237.1981.10570379]

Hallinan M.T. (1982) "Classroom racial composition and children’s friendships", Social Forces, 61(1), pp. 56-72. . DOI: [htttp://doi.org/10.1093/sf/61.1.56 10.1093/sf/61.1.56]

Stahura J.M. (1983) "Determinants of Change in the Distribution of Blacks across Suburbs", Sociological Quarterly, 24(3), pp. 421-433. . DOI: [htttp://doi.org/10.1111/j.1533-8525.1983.tb00711.x 10.1111/j.1533-8525.1983.tb00711.x]

Massey D.S.; Denton N.A. (1987) "Trends in the residential segregation of blacks, Hispanics, and Asians: 1970 1980", American Sociological Review, 52(6), pp. 802-825. . DOI: [htttp://doi.org/10.2307/2095836 10.2307/2095836]

Massey D.S.; Denton N.A. (1988) "Suburbanization and segregation in US metropolitan areas", American Journal of Sociology, 94(3), pp. 592-626. . DOI: [htttp://doi.org/10.1086/229031 10.1086/229031]

Massey D.S.; Denton N.A. (1989) "Hypersegregation in U.S. Metropolitan Areas: Black and Hispanic Segregation Along Five Dimensions", Demography, 26(3), pp. 373-391. . DOI: [htttp://doi.org/10.2307/2061599 10.2307/2061599]

Christopher A.J. (1989) "Apartheid within apartheid: An assessment of official intra black segregation on the witwatersrand, south africa", Professional Geographer, 41(3), pp. 328-336. . DOI: [htttp://doi.org/10.1111/j.0033-0124.1989.00328.x 10.1111/j.0033-0124.1989.00328.x]

Frey W.H.; Farley R. (1996) "Latino, Asian, and black segregation in U.S. metropolitan areas: Are multiethnic metros different?", Demography, 33(1), pp. 35-50. Duke University Press. DOI: [htttp://doi.org/10.2307/2061712 10.2307/2061712]

Zubrinsky C.L.; Bobo L. (1996) "Prismatic metropolis: Race and residential segregation in the city of the angels", Social Science Research, 25(4), pp. 335-374. Academic Press Inc.. DOI: [htttp://doi.org/10.1006/ssre.1996.0016 10.1006/ssre.1996.0016]

Shihadeh E.S.; Maume M.O. (1997) "Segregation and crime: The relationship between black centralization and urban black homicide", Homicide Studies, 1(3), pp. 254-280. . DOI: [htttp://doi.org/10.1177/1088767997001003004 10.1177/1088767997001003004]

Reardon S.F.; Yun J.T. (2001) "Suburban racial change and suburban school segregation, 1987 95", Sociology of Education, 74(2), pp. 79-101. American Sociological Association. DOI: [htttp://doi.org/10.2307/2673164 10.2307/2673164]

Yarbrough R.A. (2003) "Latino/White and Latino/Black segregation in the southeastern United States: Findings from census 2000", Southeastern Geographer, 43(2), pp. 235-248. University of Georgia. DOI: [htttp://doi.org/10.1353/sgo.2003.0011 10.1353/sgo.2003.0011]

Wilkes R. (2003) "The residential segregation of native americans in U.S. Metropolitan areas", Sociological Focus, 36(2), pp. 127-142. . DOI: [htttp://doi.org/10.1080/00380237.2003.10570720 10.1080/00380237.2003.10570720]

Iceland J. (2004) "Beyond Black and White Metropolitan residential segregation in multi ethnic America", Social Science Research, 33(2), pp. 248-271. Academic Press Inc.. DOI: [htttp://doi.org/10.1016/S0049-089X(03)00056-5 10.1016/S0049-089X(03)00056-5]

Kain J.F. (2004) "A pioneer's perspective on the spatial mismatch literature", Urban Studies, 41(1), pp. 7-32. . DOI: [htttp://doi.org/10.1080/0042098032000155669 10.1080/0042098032000155669]

Small M.L.; McDermott M. (2006) "The presence of organizational resources in poor urban neighborhoods: An analysis of average and contextual effects", Social Forces, 84(3), pp. 1697-1724. . DOI: [htttp://doi.org/10.1353/sof.2006.0067 10.1353/sof.2006.0067]

Johnston R.; Poulsen M.; Forrest J. (2006) "Blacks and hispanics in urban America: Similar patterns of residential segregation?", Population, Space and Place, 12(5), pp. 389-406. . DOI: [htttp://doi.org/10.1002/psp.417 10.1002/psp.417]

Rothwell J.; Massey D.S. (2009) "The effect of density zoning on racial segregation in U.S. urban areas", Urban Affairs Review, 44(6), pp. 779-806. . DOI: [htttp://doi.org/10.1177/1078087409334163 10.1177/1078087409334163]

Dai D. (2010) "Black residential segregation, disparities in spatial access to health care facilities, and late stage breast cancer diagnosis in metropolitan Detroit", Health and Place, 16(5), pp. 1038-1052. Elsevier Ltd. DOI: [htttp://doi.org/10.1016/j.healthplace.2010.06.012 10.1016/j.healthplace.2010.06.012]

Rugh J.S.; Massey D.S. (2010) "Racial segregation and the American foreclosure crisis", American Sociological Review, 75(5), pp. 629-651. . DOI: [htttp://doi.org/10.1177/0003122410380868 10.1177/0003122410380868]

Wallace D. (2011) "Discriminatory mass de housing and low weight births: Scales of geography, time, and level", Journal of Urban Health, 88(3), pp. 454-468. . DOI: [htttp://doi.org/10.1007/s11524-011-9581-6 10.1007/s11524-011-9581-6]

Iceland J.; Mateos P.; Sharp G. (2011) "Ethnic residential segregation by nativity in great britain and the united states", Journal of Urban Affairs, 33(4), pp. 409-429. . DOI: [htttp://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9906.2011.00555.x 10.1111/j.1467-9906.2011.00555.x]

Rugh J.S.; Massey D.S. (2013) "Segregation in post civil rights America : Stalled integration or end of the segregated century?", Du Bois Review, 11(2), pp. 205-232. Cambridge University Press. DOI: [htttp://doi.org/10.1017/S1742058X13000180 10.1017/S1742058X13000180]

Iceland J.; Sharp G.; Timberlake J.M. (2013) "Sun Belt Rising: Regional Population Change and the Decline in Black Residential Segregation, 1970 2009", Demography, 50(1), pp. 97-123. Duke University Press. DOI: [htttp://doi.org/10.1007/s13524-012-0136-6 10.1007/s13524-012-0136-6]

Iceland J.; Sharp G.; Timberlake J.M. (2013) "Sun Belt Rising: Regional Population Change and the Decline in Black Residential Segregation, 1970 2009", Demography, 50(1), pp. 97-123. Duke University Press. DOI: [htttp://doi.org/10.1007/s13524-012-0136-6 10.1007/s13524-012-0136-6]

Hall M.; Stringfield J. (2014) "Undocumented migration and the residential segregation of Mexicans in new destinations", Social Science Research, 47(), pp. 61-78. Academic Press Inc.. DOI: [htttp://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssresearch.2014.03.009 10.1016/j.ssresearch.2014.03.009]

Lichter D.T.; Parisi D.; Taquino M.C. (2015) "Spatial Assimilation in U.S. Cities and Communities? Emerging Patterns of Hispanic Segregation from Blacks and Whites", Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 660(1), pp. 36-56. SAGE Publications Inc.. DOI: [htttp://doi.org/10.1177/0002716215572995 10.1177/0002716215572995]

Fiel J. (2015) "Closing ranks: Closure, status competition, and school segregation", American Journal of Sociology, 121(1), pp. 126-170. University of Chicago Press. DOI: [htttp://doi.org/10.1086/682027 10.1086/682027]

Rugh J.S.; Albright L.; Massey D.S. (2015) "Race, space, and cumulative disadvantage: A case study of the subprime lending collapse", Social Problems, 62(2), pp. 186-218. Oxford University Press. DOI: [htttp://doi.org/10.1093/socpro/spv002 10.1093/socpro/spv002]

Massey D.S. (2015) "The Legacy of the 1968 Fair Housing Act", Sociological Forum, 30(S1), pp. 571-588. . DOI: [htttp://doi.org/10.1111/socf.12178 10.1111/socf.12178]

Ragusett J.M. (2016) "Black Residential Segregation in the Era of Urban Sprawl", Review of Black Political Economy, 43(3-4), pp. 253-272. Springer Science and Business Media, LLC. DOI: [htttp://doi.org/10.1007/s12114-015-9220-7 10.1007/s12114-015-9220-7]

Brazil N. (2016) "Large Scale Urban Riots and Residential Segregation: A Case Study of the 1960s U.S. Riots", Demography, 53(2), pp. 567-595. Springer Science and Business Media, LLC. DOI: [htttp://doi.org/10.1007/s13524-016-0459-9 10.1007/s13524-016-0459-9]

Latner J.P. (2017) "Rethinking the Role of Racial Segregation in the American Foreclosure Crisis", City and Community, 16(4), pp. 447-485. Blackwell Publishing Ltd. DOI: [htttp://doi.org/10.1111/cico.12253 10.1111/cico.12253]

Shin E.J. (2017) "Ethnic neighborhoods, social networks, and inter household carpooling: A comparison across ethnic minority groups", Journal of Transport Geography, 59(), pp. 14-26. Elsevier Ltd. DOI: [htttp://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtrangeo.2017.01.002 10.1016/j.jtrangeo.2017.01.002]

Iceland J.; Hernandez E. (2017) "Understanding trends in concentrated poverty: 1980 2014", Social Science Research, 62(), pp. 75-95. Academic Press Inc.. DOI: [htttp://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssresearch.2016.09.001 10.1016/j.ssresearch.2016.09.001]

Arcaya M.C.; Schwartz G.; Subramanian S.V. (2018) "A multi level modeling approach to understanding residential segregation in the United States", Environment and Planning B: Urban Analytics and City Science, 45(6), pp. 1090-1105. SAGE Publications Ltd. DOI: [htttp://doi.org/10.1177/2399808318760858 10.1177/2399808318760858]

Anderson K.F. (2018) "Racial/ethnic residential segregation, the distribution of physician's offices and access to health care: The Case of Houston, Texas", Social Sciences, 7(8), pp. -. MDPI AG. DOI: [htttp://doi.org/10.3390/socsci7080119 10.3390/socsci7080119]

Anderson K.F. (2018) "Racial/ethnic residential segregation, the distribution of physician's offices and access to health care: The Case of Houston, Texas", Social Sciences, 7(8), pp. -. MDPI AG. DOI: [htttp://doi.org/10.3390/socsci7080119 10.3390/socsci7080119]

Massey D.S.; Tannen J. (2018) "Suburbanization and segregation in the United States: 1970 2010", Ethnic and Racial Studies, 41(9), pp. 1594-1611. Routledge. DOI: [htttp://doi.org/10.1080/01419870.2017.1312010 10.1080/01419870.2017.1312010]

Massey D.S.; Denton N.A. (2018) "American Apartheid: Segregation and the Making of the Underclass", Inequality in the 21st Century: A Reader, 142-150. Taylor and Francis. DOI: [htttp://doi.org/10.4324/9780429499821-27 10.4324/9780429499821-27]

Tesfai R. (2019) "Double Minority Status and Neighborhoods: Examining the Primacy of Race in Black Immigrants’ Racial and Socioeconomic Segregation", City and Community, 18(2), pp. 509-528. Blackwell Publishing Ltd. DOI: [htttp://doi.org/10.1111/cico.12384 10.1111/cico.12384]

Dunbar E. (2020) "Loving gorillas: Segregation literature, animality, and black liberation", American Literature, 92(1), pp. 123-149. Duke University Press. DOI: [htttp://doi.org/10.1215/00029831-8056609 10.1215/00029831-8056609]

Massey D.S. (2020) "Still the Linchpin: Segregation and Stratification in the USA", Race and Social Problems, 12(1), pp. 1-12. Springer. DOI: [htttp://doi.org/10.1007/s12552-019-09280-1 10.1007/s12552-019-09280-1]

Ekenga C.C.; Tian R. (2022) "Promoting Food Equity in the Context of Residential Segregation", Environmental Justice, 15(6), pp. 346-351. Mary Ann Liebert Inc.. DOI: [htttp://doi.org/10.1089/env.2021.0029 10.1089/env.2021.0029]

Haupert T. (2022) "New Technology, Old Patterns: Fintech Lending, Metropolitan Segregation, and Subprime Credit", Race and Social Problems, 14(4), pp. 293-307. Springer. DOI: [htttp://doi.org/10.1007/s12552-021-09353-0 10.1007/s12552-021-09353-0]

Planey A.M.; Grady S.C.; Fetaw R.; McLafferty S.L. (2022) "Spaces of Segregation and Health: Complex Associations for Black Immigrant and US Born Mothers in New York City", Journal of Urban Health, 99(3), pp. 469-481. Springer. DOI: [htttp://doi.org/10.1007/s11524-022-00634-6 10.1007/s11524-022-00634-6]

Crowell A.; Fossett M. (2022) "Metropolitan racial residential segregation in the United States: A microlevel and cross context analysis of Black, Latino, and Asian segregation", Demographic Research, 46(), pp. 217-260. Max Planck Institute for Demographic Research. DOI: [htttp://doi.org/10.4054/DEMRES.2022.46.8 10.4054/DEMRES.2022.46.8]

McClellan C.; Delmont M. (2023) "Policy Dialogue: Racial Segregation in America's Schools", History of Education Quarterly, 63(1), pp. 126-137. Cambridge University Press. DOI: [htttp://doi.org/10.1017/heq.2022.44 10.1017/heq.2022.44]