Racial ethnic segregation

Date and country of first publication

1985
United States

Definition

Racial/ethnic segregation refers to the separation of individuals or groups based on their race or ethnicity. This can manifest in various ways, such as separate neighborhoods, schools, or workplaces that are predominantly populated by one racial or ethnic group. Racial/ethnic segregation can result from historical discrimination, social policies, economic inequality, and personal preferences. It can have negative effects on social cohesion, economic opportunities, and overall well-being of individuals and communities. Efforts to address racial/ethnic segregation often involve policies aimed at promoting diversity, equity, and inclusion.

Notes

At its current state, this definition has been generated by a Large Language Model (LLM) so far without review by an independent researcher or a member of the curating team of segregation experts that keep the Segregation Wiki online. While we strive for accuracy, we cannot guarantee its reliability, completeness and timeliness. Please use this content with caution and verify information as needed. Also, feel free to improve on the definition as you see fit, including the use of references and other informational resources. We value your input in enhancing the quality and accuracy of the definitions of segregation forms collectively offered in the Segregation Wiki ©.

Further reading

Hwang S.-S., Murdock S.H., Parpia B., Hamm R.R. (1985) The Effects of Race and Socioeconomic Status on Residential Segregation in Texas, 1970 80. Social Forces, 63(3), 732-747. Oxford University Press.[1]

Aneshensel C.S., Sucoff C.A. (1996) The Neighborhood Context of Adolescent Mental Health. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 37(4), 293-310. American Sociological Association.[2]

Massey D.S., Fischer M.J. (1999) Does rising income bring integration? New results for Blacks, Hispanics, and Asians in 1990. Social Science Research, 28(3), 316-326. [3]

James J. (2000) The dysfunctional and the disappearing: Democracy, race and imprisonment. Social Identities, 6(4), 483-492. [4]

Massey D.S., Fischer M.J. (2000) How segregation concentrates poverty. Ethnic and Racial Studies, 23(4), 670-691. Routledge.[5]

Rosenbaum E., Argeros G. (2005) Holding the line: Housing turnover and the persistence of racial/ethnic segregation in New York City. Journal of Urban Affairs, 27(3), 261-281. [6]

Masi C.M., Hawkley L.C., Harry Piotrowski Z., Pickett K.E. (2007) Neighborhood economic disadvantage, violent crime, group density, and pregnancy outcomes in a diverse, urban population. Social Science and Medicine, 65(12), 2440-2457. [7]

Chung S.-Y., Brown L.A. (2007) Racial/ethnic residential sorting in spatial context: Testing the explanatory frameworks. Urban Geography, 28(4), 312-339. [8]

Thomas M.E. (2008) The paradoxes of personhood: Banal multiculturalism and racial ethnic identification among Latina and Armenian girls at a Los Angeles high school. Environment and Planning A, 40(12), 2864-2878. [9]

Queneau H. (2009) Trends in occupational segregation by race and ethnicity in the USA: Evidence from detailed data. Applied Economics Letters, 16(13), 1347-1350. [10]

Gurin P., Gurin G., Matlock J., Wade-Golden K. (2009) Commonality in values across the racial divide. Twenty-First Century Color Lines: Multiracial Change in Contemporary America, 235-257. Temple University Press.[11]

Massey D.S., Rothwell J., Domina T. (2009) The changing bases of segregation in the United States. Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 626(1), 74-90. [12]

Feldmeyer B. (2010) The Effects Of Racial/Ethnic Segregation On Latino And Black Homicide. Sociological Quarterly, 51(4), 600-623. [13]

Aneshensel C.S., Ko M.J., Chodosh J., Wight R.G. (2011) The urban neighborhood and cognitive functioning in late middle age. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 52(2), 163-179. [14]

Ryabov I. (2011) Adolescent academic outcomes in school context: Network effects Reexamined. Journal of Adolescence, 34(5), 915-927. [15]

Short J.R. (2011) Liquid city: Megalopolis and the contemporary Northeast. Liquid City: Megalopolis and the Contemporary Northeast, 1-188. Taylor and Francis.[16]

Borrell L.N., Kiefe C.I., Diez-Roux A.V., Williams D.R., Gordon-Larsen P. (2013) Racial discrimination, racial/ethnic segregation, and health behaviors in the CARDIA study. Ethnicity and Health, 18(3), 227-243. [17]

Sharp G., Iceland J. (2013) The residential segregation patterns of whites by socioeconomic status, 2000 2011. Social Science Research, 42(4), 1046-1060. [18]

Stroub K.J., Richards M.P. (2013) From Resegregation to Reintegration: Trends in the Racial/Ethnic Segregation of Metropolitan Public Schools, 1993 2009. American Educational Research Journal, 50(3), 497-531. SAGE Publications Inc..[19]

Yi S.S., Ruff R.R., Jung M., Waddell E.N. (2014) Racial/ethnic residential segregation, neighborhood poverty and urinary biomarkers of diet in New York City adults. Social Science and Medicine, 122(), 122-129. Elsevier Ltd.[20]

Richards M.P. (2014) The Gerrymandering of School Attendance Zones and the Segregation of Public Schools: A Geospatial Analysis. American Educational Research Journal, 51(6), 1119-1157. SAGE Publications Inc..[21]

Smith B.W., Holmes M.D. (2014) Police use of excessive force in minority communities: A test of the minority threat, place, and community accountability hypotheses. Social Problems, 61(1), 83-104. [22]

Richards M.P., Stroub K.J. (2014) The fragmentation of metropolitan public school districts and the segregation of American schools: A longitudinal analysis. Teachers College Record, 116(12), -. Teachers College, Columbia University.[23]

Gibbons J., Yang T.-C. (2014) Self rated health and residential segregation: How does race/ethnicity matter?. Journal of Urban Health, 91(4), 648-660. Springer Science and Business Media Deutschland GmbH.[24]

Wong D.W., Strang G., Tang W.-Y., Wu W. (2015) How ethnically diverse can a "Chinese City" be? the case of Hong Kong. Eurasian Geography and Economics, 56(3), 331-355. Routledge.[25]

Gibbons J. (2015) Does racial segregation make community based organizations more territorial? Evidence from Newark, Nj, and Jersey City, Nj. Journal of Urban Affairs, 37(5), 600-619. Taylor and Francis Ltd..[26]

Ryabov I. (2016) Examining the role of residential segregation in explaining racial/ethnic gaps in spending on fruit and vegetables. Appetite, 98(), 74-79. Academic Press.[27]

Gibbons J., Yang T.-C. (2016) Connecting Across the Divides of Race/Ethnicity: How Does Segregation Matter?. Urban Affairs Review, 52(4), 531-558. SAGE Publications Inc..[28]

Stroub K.J., Richards M.P. (2017) Suburbanizing segregation? Changes in racial/ethnic diversity and the geographic distribution of metropolitan school segregation, 2002 2012. Teachers College Record, 119(7), 1-40. Teachers College, Columbia University.[29]

D'Agostino E.M., Patel H.H., Ahmed Z., Hansen E., Sunil Mathew M., Nardi M.I., Messiah S.E. (2018) Impact of change in neighborhood racial/ethnic segregation on cardiovascular health in minority youth attending a park based afterschool program. Social Science and Medicine, 205(), 116-129. Elsevier Ltd.[30]

Zhu L. (2018) A multi level analysis on school connectedness, family support, and adolescent depression: Evidence from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health, 1995 1996. Social Sciences, 7(5), -. MDPI AG.[31]

Zhu L. (2018) A multi level analysis on school connectedness, family support, and adolescent depression: Evidence from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health, 1995 1996. Social Sciences, 7(5), -. MDPI AG.[32]

Wynn C.E., Friedman S. (2018) Assessing the role of family structure in racial/ethnic residential isolation. Social Sciences, 7(9), -. MDPI AG.[33]

Wynn C.E., Friedman S. (2018) Assessing the role of family structure in racial/ethnic residential isolation. Social Sciences, 7(9), -. MDPI AG.[34]

Sosina V.E., Weathers E.S. (2019) Pathways to Inequality: Between District Segregation and Racial Disparities in School District Expenditures. AERA Open, 5(3), -. SAGE Publications Inc..[35]

D'Agostino E.M., Patel H.H., Hansen E., Mathew M.S., Nardi M.I., Messiah S.E. (2019) Does transportation vulnerability explain the relationship between changes in exposure to segregation and youth cardiovascular health?. Health and Place, 57(), 265-276. Elsevier Ltd.[36]

Reardon S.F., Kalogrides D., Shores K. (2019) The geography of racial/ethnic test score gaps. American Journal of Sociology, 124(4), 1164-1221. University of Chicago Press.[37]

De Maio F., Ansell D., Shah R.C. (2020) Racial/ethnic minority segregation and low birth weight in five North American cities. Ethnicity and Health, 25(7), 915-924. Routledge.[38]

Kogachi K., Graham S. (2020) Numerical Minority Status in Middle School and Racial/Ethnic Segregation in Academic Classes. Child Development, 91(6), 2083-2102. Blackwell Publishing Inc..[39]

Yang T.-C., Park K., Matthews S.A. (2020) Racial/ethnic segregation and health disparities: Future directions and opportunities. Sociology Compass, 14(6), -. Wiley-Blackwell.[40]

Linton S.L., Cooper H.L.F., Chen Y.-T., Khan M.A., Wolfe M.E., Ross Z., Des Jarlais D.C., Friedman S.R., Tempalski B., Broz D., Semaan S., Wejnert C., Paz-Bailey G. (2020) Mortgage Discrimination and Racial/Ethnic Concentration Are Associated with Same Race/Ethnicity Partnering among People Who Inject Drugs in 19 US Cities. Journal of Urban Health, 97(1), 88-104. Springer.[41]

Richards M.P., Stroub K.J. (2020) Measuring segregation in a multiracial era: The impact of federal racial reporting changes on estimates of public school segregation. Teachers College Record, 122(5), 155-170. Teachers College, Columbia University.[42]

Richards M.P., Stroub K.J. (2020) Metropolitan public school district segregation by race and income, 2000 2011. Teachers College Record, 122(5), 21-41. Teachers College, Columbia University.[43]

Meyer O.L., Besser L., Mitsova D., Booker M., Luu E., Tobias M., Farias S.T., Mungas D., DeCarli C., Whitmer R.A. (2021) Neighborhood racial/ethnic segregation and cognitive decline in older adults. Social Science and Medicine, 284(), -. Elsevier Ltd.[44]

Dudovitz R.N., Biely C., Barnert E.S., Coker T.R., Guerrero A.D., Jackson N., Schickedanz A., Szilagyi P.G., Iyer S., Chung P.J. (2021) Association between school racial/ethnic composition during adolescence and adult health. Social Science and Medicine, 272(), -. Elsevier Ltd.[45]

González-Pérez J.M. (2021) Racial/Ethnic Segregation and Urban Inequality in Kansas City, Missouri: A Divided City. City and Community, 20(4), 346-370. SAGE Publications Inc..[46]

D’Agostino E.M., Patel H.H., Hansen E., Mathew M.S., Messiah S.E. (2021) Longitudinal Effects of Transportation Vulnerability on the Association Between Racial/Ethnic Segregation and Youth Cardiovascular Health. Journal of Racial and Ethnic Health Disparities, 8(3), 618-629. Springer Science and Business Media Deutschland GmbH.[47]

Zhai W., Fu X., Liu M., Peng Z.-R. (2021) The impact of ethnic segregation on neighbourhood level social distancing in the United States amid the early outbreak of COVID 19. Urban Studies, -. SAGE Publications Ltd.[48]

Smith J.L., Sonmez Z., Zettel N. (2021) Growing Income Inequality and Socioeconomic Segregation in the Chicago Region. Urban Book Series, 349-369. Springer Science and Business Media Deutschland GmbH.[49]

Beckman L., Wang X. (2022) Revisiting the Minority Threat Perspective: Examining the Main and Interactive Effects of Segregation on Sentencing Severity. Justice Quarterly, 39(4), 745-771. Routledge.[50]

Han S., Piquero A.R. (2022) Is It Dangerous to Live in Neighborhoods with More Immigrants? Assessing the Effects of Immigrant Concentration on Crime Patterns. Crime and Delinquency, 68(1), 52-79. SAGE Publications Inc..[51]

Hu L., Moayyed H., Frank N. (2022) Racial/ethnic and class segregation at workplace and residence: A Los Angeles case study. Journal of Urban Affairs, 44(7), 907-925. Taylor and Francis Ltd..[52]

Wong D.W.S., Das Gupta D. (2023) Age race ethnicity segregation in the United States: Where do minority older adults stand?. Population, Space and Place, -. John Wiley and Sons Ltd.[53]