Black white segregation

Date and country of first publication

1979
Jersey

Definition

Segregation based on race, specifically between black and white individuals, has been a longstanding issue in many societies. This segregation can manifest in various forms, such as housing patterns, access to educational opportunities, employment discrimination, and social segregation.

Historically, black-white segregation was enforced through laws and policies that upheld racial discrimination, such as Jim Crow laws in the United States. This led to a clear division between black and white communities, with black individuals often facing systemic barriers that limited their access to resources and opportunities.

Although many of these explicit forms of segregation have been officially abolished, there are still lingering effects that continue to perpetuate black-white segregation. This can be seen in the persistent racial wealth gap, disparities in educational outcomes, and unequal access to healthcare and housing.

Efforts to address black-white segregation require a comprehensive approach that addresses both the structural inequalities that perpetuate segregation and the individual biases that contribute to racial division. This includes implementing policies that promote integration, tackling systemic racism, and fostering meaningful dialogue and understanding between different racial groups.

Notes

At its current state, this definition has been generated by a Large Language Model (LLM) so far without review by an independent researcher or a member of the curating team of segregation experts that keep the Segregation Wiki online. While we strive for accuracy, we cannot guarantee its reliability, completeness and timeliness. Please use this content with caution and verify information as needed. Also, feel free to improve on the definition as you see fit, including the use of references and other informational resources. We value your input in enhancing the quality and accuracy of the definitions of segregation forms collectively offered in the Segregation Wiki ©.

Further reading

Massey D.S. (1979) Residential segregation of Spanish Americans in united states Urbanized Areas. Demography, 16(4), 553-563. [1]

Lieberson S., Carter D.K. (1982) A Model for Inferring the Voluntary and involuntary causes of residential segregation. Demography, 19(4), 511-526. [2]

Massey D.S. (1983) A research note on residential succession: The hispanic case. Social Forces, 61(3), 825-833. [3]

Darden J.T. (1984) THE RESIDENTIAL SEGREGATION OF AMERICAN INDIANS IN METROPOLITAN AREAS OF MICHIGAN. Journal of Urban Affairs, 6(1), 29-52. [4]

Farley J.E. (1986) Segregated city, segregated suburbs: To what extent are they products of black white socioeconomic differentials?. Urban Geography, 7(2), 164-171. [5]

Bickford A., Massey D.S. (1991) Segregation in the second ghetto: Racial and ethnic segregation in american public housing, 1977. Social Forces, 69(4), 1011-1036. [6]

Peterson R.D., Krivo L.J. (1993) Racial segregation and black urban homicide. Social Forces, 71(4), 1001-1026. [7]

Krivo L.J., Kaufman R.L. (1999) How low can it go? Declining black white segregation in a multiethnic context. Demography, 36(1), 93-109. Duke University Press.[8]

St. John C., Clymer R. (2000) Racial residential segregation by level of socioeconomic status. Social Science Quarterly, 81(3), 701-715. Blackwell Publishing Inc..[9]

Krysan M., Farley R. (2002) The residential preferences of blacks: Do they explain persistent segregation?. Social Forces, 80(3), 937-980. [10]

Dawkins C.J. (2004) Recent evidence on the continuing causes of black white residential segregation. Journal of Urban Affairs, 26(3), 379-400. [11]

Logan J.R., Stults B.J., Farley R. (2004) Segration of minorities in the metropolis: Two decades of change. Demography, 41(1), 1-22. Duke University Press.[12]

Rosenbaum E., Argeros G. (2005) Holding the line: Housing turnover and the persistence of racial/ethnic segregation in New York City. Journal of Urban Affairs, 27(3), 261-281. [13]

Dawkins C. (2006) The spatial pattern of black white segregation in US metropolitan areas: An exploratory analysis. Urban Studies, 43(11), 1943-1969. [14]

Galster G., Cutsinger J. (2007) Racial settlement and metropolitan land use patterns: Does sprawl abet black white segregation?. Urban Geography, 28(6), 516-553. [15]

Wahl A.-M.G., Gunkel S.E. (2007) From old south to new south? Black white residential segregation in micropolitan areas. Sociological Spectrum, 27(5), 507-535. [16]

Fairchild G.B. (2008) Spatial assimilation and self employement: The case of black Americans. Journal of Developmental Entrepreneurship, 13(3), 269-291. [17]

Scopilliti M., Iceland J. (2008) Residential patterns of black immigrants and native born blacks in the United States. Social Science Quarterly, 89(3), 551-572. [18]

Friedman S. (2008) Do declines in residential segregation mean stable neighborhood racial integration in metropolitan America? A research note. Social Science Research, 37(3), 920-933. [19]

Reardon S.F., Farrell C.R., Matthews S.A., O'Sullivan D., Bischoff K., Firebaugh G. (2009) Race and space in the 1990s: Changes in the geographic scale of racial residential segregation, 1990 2000. Social Science Research, 38(1), 55-70. [20]

White M.J., Glick J.E. (2011) Achieving anew: How new immigrants do in American schools, jobs, and neighborhoods. Achieving Anew: How New Immigrants do in American Schools, Jobs, and Neighborhoods, 1-226. Russell Sage Foundation.[21]

Gorard S., Cheng S.C. (2011) Pupil clustering in english secondary schools: One pattern or several?. International Journal of Research and Method in Education, 34(3), 327-339. [22]

Lewis J.H., Hamilton D.K. (2011) Race and regionalism: The structure of local government and racial disparity. Urban Affairs Review, 47(3), 349-384. [23]

Slater T., Anderson N. (2012) The reputational ghetto: Territorial stigmatisation in St Paul's, Bristol. Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers, 37(4), 530-546. [24]

Anderson K.F., Fullerton A.S. (2012) Racial residential segregation and access to health care coverage: A multilevel analysis. Research in the Sociology of Health Care, 30(), 133-158. Emerald Group Publishing Ltd..[25]

Sharp G., Iceland J. (2013) The residential segregation patterns of whites by socioeconomic status, 2000 2011. Social Science Research, 42(4), 1046-1060. [26]

Iceland J., Sharp G., Timberlake J.M. (2013) Sun Belt Rising: Regional Population Change and the Decline in Black Residential Segregation, 1970 2009. Demography, 50(1), 97-123. Duke University Press.[27]

Hyra D.S., Squires G.D., Renner R.N., Kirk D.S. (2013) Metropolitan Segregation and the Subprime Lending Crisis. Housing Policy Debate, 23(1), 177-198. [28]

Logan J.R. (2014) Diversity and disparities: America enters a new century. Diversity and Disparities: America Enters A New Century, 1-472. Russell Sage Foundation.[29]

Quillian L. (2014) Does segregation create winners and losers? Residential segregation and inequality in educational attainment. Social Problems, 61(3), 402-426. University of California Press.[30]

Hwang J., Hankinson M., Kreg Brown S. (2015) Racial and spatial targeting: Segregation and subprime lending within and across metropolitan areas. Social Forces, 93(3), 1081-1108. Oxford University Press.[31]

Boyd R.L. (2015) The “Dream of Black Metropolis” in the Early Twentieth Century United States: Racial Segregation, Regional Location, and Black Population Size. Sociological Spectrum, 35(3), 271-285. Bellwether Publishing, Ltd..[32]

Davis T., Bhatt R., Schwarz K. (2015) School segregation in the era of accountability. Social Currents, 2(3), 239-259. SAGE Publications Inc..[33]

Parisi D., Lichter D.T., Taquino M.C. (2015) The buffering hypothesis: Growing diversity and declining black white segregation in America's cities, suburbs, and small towns?. Sociological Science, 2(), 125-157. Society for Sociological Science.[34]

Logan J.R., Bellman B. (2016) Before The philadelphia negro: Residential segregation in a Nineteenth Century Northern City. Social Science History, 40(4), 683-706. Cambridge University Press.[35]

Zhang W., Logan J.R. (2016) Global Neighborhoods: Beyond the Multiethnic Metropolis. Demography, 53(6), 1933-1953. Springer Science and Business Media, LLC.[36]

Do D.P., Frank R., Iceland J. (2017) Black white metropolitan segregation and self rated health: Investigating the role of neighborhood poverty. Social Science and Medicine, 187(), 85-92. Elsevier Ltd.[37]

Logan J.R., Zhang W., Oakley D. (2017) Court orders, white flight, and school district segregation, 1970 2010. Social Forces, 95(3), 1049-1075. Oxford University Press.[38]

Wagmiller R.L., Jr., Gage-Bouchard E., Karraker A. (2017) Does Black Socioeconomic Mobility Explain Recent Progress Toward Black White Residential Integration?. Demography, 54(4), 1251-1275. Springer Science and Business Media, LLC.[39]

Fossett M. (2017) Further Comments on Differences Between Displacement and Separation. Springer Series on Demographic Methods and Population Analysis, 42(), 117-138. Springer Science and Business Media B.V..[40]

Browning C.R., Calder C.A., Krivo L.J., Smith A.L., Boettner B. (2017) Socioeconomic segregation of activity spaces in urban neighborhoods: Does shared residence mean shared routines?. RSF, 3(2), 210-231. Russell Sage Foundation.[41]

Anacker K., Niedt C., Kwon C. (2017) Analyzing segregation in mature and developing suburbs in the United States. Journal of Urban Affairs, 39(6), 819-832. Taylor and Francis Ltd..[42]

Williams A.D., Wallace M., Nobles C., Mendola P. (2018) Racial residential segregation and racial disparities in stillbirth in the United States. Health and Place, 51(), 208-216. Elsevier Ltd.[43]

Fiel J.E., Zhang Y. (2018) Three Dimensions of Change in School Segregation: A Grade Period Cohort Analysis. Demography, 55(1), 33-58. Springer Science and Business Media, LLC.[44]

Hess C., Gabriel R., Leibbrand C., Crowder K. (2019) Does Hypersegregation Matter for Black White Socioeconomic Disparities?. Demography, 56(6), 2169-2191. Springer.[45]

Light M.T., Thomas J.T. (2019) Segregation and Violence Reconsidered: Do Whites Benefit from Residential Segregation?. American Sociological Review, 84(4), 690-725. SAGE Publications Ltd.[46]

Mehra R., Keene D.E., Kershaw T.S., Ickovics J.R., Warren J.L. (2019) Racial and ethnic disparities in adverse birth outcomes: Differences by racial residential segregation. SSM - Population Health, 8(), -. Elsevier Ltd.[47]

Hall M., Iceland J., Yi Y. (2019) Racial Separation at Home and Work: Segregation in Residential and Workplace Settings. Population Research and Policy Review, 38(5), 671-694. Springer Netherlands.[48]

Richards M.P. (2020) The racial/ethnic and socioeconomic dynamics of public school district secession, 1995 2015. Teachers College Record, 122(5), 1-20. Teachers College, Columbia University.[49]

Blatt L., Votruba-Drzal E. (2021) District Level School Choice and Racial/Ethnic Test Score Gaps. American Educational Research Journal, 58(6), 1178-1224. SAGE Publications Inc..[50]

Clotfelter C.T., Ladd H.F., Clifton C.R., Turaeva M.R. (2021) School Segregation at the Classroom Level in a Southern ‘New Destination’ State. Race and Social Problems, 13(2), 131-160. Springer.[51]

Kitchens K. (2021) Dividing Lines: The Role School District Boundaries Play in Spending Inequality for Public Education. Social Science Quarterly, 102(1), 468-491. Blackwell Publishing Ltd.[52]

Kitchens K.E. (2021) Exit or invest: Segregation increases investment in public schools. Journal of Politics, 83(1), 71-86. University of Chicago Press.[53]

Fiel J.E. (2022) Opportunity Seeking Across Segregated Schools: Unintended Effects of Automatic Admission Policies on High School Segregation. Educational Evaluation and Policy Analysis, 44(3), 485-504. SAGE Publications Inc..[54]

Smith R.M., Blizard Z.D. (2022) Does Municipal Incorporation Influence Levels of Black White Segregation? Evidence from Counties in the Southern United States, 1990 2010. Southeastern Geographer, 62(3), 253-270. University of North Carolina Press.[55]

Hackworth J. (2023) Anti Black residential preferences in Toronto. Journal of Urban Affairs, -. Taylor and Francis Ltd..[56]

Baker R.B., Solanki S.M., Kang C. (2023) Horizontal and Vertical Racial Segregation in Higher Education: Examining Trends in California Public Colleges. Journal of Higher Education, 94(1), 60-95. Routledge.[57]