Black segregation

Date and country of first publication

1981
united states

Definition

{NoteAI} The term "black segregation" refers to the practice of segregating or separating African Americans from other racial groups, typically through laws, policies, and discriminatory practices. This segregation was common in the United States during the Jim Crow era, when laws were in place that enforced racial segregation in public spaces such as schools, restaurants, and public transportation. Black segregation contributed to the marginalization and inequality faced by African Americans, and it was not until the Civil Rights Movement of the 1960s that segregation was legally abolished. However, the effects of black segregation continue to impact communities to this day, as disparities in education, healthcare, and economic opportunities persist.

Further reading

Matre M.; Mindiola T., Jr. (1981) "Residential segregation in Southwestern metropolitan areas: 1970", Sociological Focus, 14(1), pp. 15-31. . DOI: [htttp://doi.org/10.1080/00380237.1981.10570379 10.1080/00380237.1981.10570379]

Hallinan M.T. (1982) "Classroom racial composition and children’s friendships", Social Forces, 61(1), pp. 56-72. . DOI: [htttp://doi.org/10.1093/sf/61.1.56 10.1093/sf/61.1.56]

Stahura J.M. (1983) "Determinants of Change in the Distribution of Blacks across Suburbs", Sociological Quarterly, 24(3), pp. 421-433. . DOI: [htttp://doi.org/10.1111/j.1533-8525.1983.tb00711.x 10.1111/j.1533-8525.1983.tb00711.x]

Massey D.S.; Denton N.A. (1987) "Trends in the residential segregation of blacks, Hispanics, and Asians: 1970 1980", American Sociological Review, 52(6), pp. 802-825. . DOI: [htttp://doi.org/10.2307/2095836 10.2307/2095836]

Massey D.S.; Denton N.A. (1988) "Suburbanization and segregation in US metropolitan areas", American Journal of Sociology, 94(3), pp. 592-626. . DOI: [htttp://doi.org/10.1086/229031 10.1086/229031]

Massey D.S.; Denton N.A. (1989) "Hypersegregation in U.S. Metropolitan Areas: Black and Hispanic Segregation Along Five Dimensions", Demography, 26(3), pp. 373-391. . DOI: [htttp://doi.org/10.2307/2061599 10.2307/2061599]

Christopher A.J. (1989) "Apartheid within apartheid: An assessment of official intra black segregation on the witwatersrand, south africa", Professional Geographer, 41(3), pp. 328-336. . DOI: [htttp://doi.org/10.1111/j.0033-0124.1989.00328.x 10.1111/j.0033-0124.1989.00328.x]

Frey W.H.; Farley R. (1996) "Latino, Asian, and black segregation in U.S. metropolitan areas: Are multiethnic metros different?", Demography, 33(1), pp. 35-50. Duke University Press. DOI: [htttp://doi.org/10.2307/2061712 10.2307/2061712]

Zubrinsky C.L.; Bobo L. (1996) "Prismatic metropolis: Race and residential segregation in the city of the angels", Social Science Research, 25(4), pp. 335-374. Academic Press Inc.. DOI: [htttp://doi.org/10.1006/ssre.1996.0016 10.1006/ssre.1996.0016]

Shihadeh E.S.; Maume M.O. (1997) "Segregation and crime: The relationship between black centralization and urban black homicide", Homicide Studies, 1(3), pp. 254-280. . DOI: [htttp://doi.org/10.1177/1088767997001003004 10.1177/1088767997001003004]

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Yarbrough R.A. (2003) "Latino/White and Latino/Black segregation in the southeastern United States: Findings from census 2000", Southeastern Geographer, 43(2), pp. 235-248. University of Georgia. DOI: [htttp://doi.org/10.1353/sgo.2003.0011 10.1353/sgo.2003.0011]

Wilkes R. (2003) "The residential segregation of native americans in U.S. Metropolitan areas", Sociological Focus, 36(2), pp. 127-142. . DOI: [htttp://doi.org/10.1080/00380237.2003.10570720 10.1080/00380237.2003.10570720]

Iceland J. (2004) "Beyond Black and White Metropolitan residential segregation in multi ethnic America", Social Science Research, 33(2), pp. 248-271. Academic Press Inc.. DOI: [htttp://doi.org/10.1016/S0049-089X(03)00056-5 10.1016/S0049-089X(03)00056-5]

Kain J.F. (2004) "A pioneer's perspective on the spatial mismatch literature", Urban Studies, 41(1), pp. 7-32. . DOI: [htttp://doi.org/10.1080/0042098032000155669 10.1080/0042098032000155669]

Small M.L.; McDermott M. (2006) "The presence of organizational resources in poor urban neighborhoods: An analysis of average and contextual effects", Social Forces, 84(3), pp. 1697-1724. . DOI: [htttp://doi.org/10.1353/sof.2006.0067 10.1353/sof.2006.0067]

Johnston R.; Poulsen M.; Forrest J. (2006) "Blacks and hispanics in urban America: Similar patterns of residential segregation?", Population, Space and Place, 12(5), pp. 389-406. . DOI: [htttp://doi.org/10.1002/psp.417 10.1002/psp.417]

Rothwell J.; Massey D.S. (2009) "The effect of density zoning on racial segregation in U.S. urban areas", Urban Affairs Review, 44(6), pp. 779-806. . DOI: [htttp://doi.org/10.1177/1078087409334163 10.1177/1078087409334163]

Dai D. (2010) "Black residential segregation, disparities in spatial access to health care facilities, and late stage breast cancer diagnosis in metropolitan Detroit", Health and Place, 16(5), pp. 1038-1052. Elsevier Ltd. DOI: [htttp://doi.org/10.1016/j.healthplace.2010.06.012 10.1016/j.healthplace.2010.06.012]

Rugh J.S.; Massey D.S. (2010) "Racial segregation and the American foreclosure crisis", American Sociological Review, 75(5), pp. 629-651. . DOI: [htttp://doi.org/10.1177/0003122410380868 10.1177/0003122410380868]

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Rugh J.S.; Massey D.S. (2013) "Segregation in post civil rights America : Stalled integration or end of the segregated century?", Du Bois Review, 11(2), pp. 205-232. Cambridge University Press. DOI: [htttp://doi.org/10.1017/S1742058X13000180 10.1017/S1742058X13000180]

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Fiel J. (2015) "Closing ranks: Closure, status competition, and school segregation", American Journal of Sociology, 121(1), pp. 126-170. University of Chicago Press. DOI: [htttp://doi.org/10.1086/682027 10.1086/682027]

Rugh J.S.; Albright L.; Massey D.S. (2015) "Race, space, and cumulative disadvantage: A case study of the subprime lending collapse", Social Problems, 62(2), pp. 186-218. Oxford University Press. DOI: [htttp://doi.org/10.1093/socpro/spv002 10.1093/socpro/spv002]

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Brazil N. (2016) "Large Scale Urban Riots and Residential Segregation: A Case Study of the 1960s U.S. Riots", Demography, 53(2), pp. 567-595. Springer Science and Business Media, LLC. DOI: [htttp://doi.org/10.1007/s13524-016-0459-9 10.1007/s13524-016-0459-9]

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Anderson K.F. (2018) "Racial/ethnic residential segregation, the distribution of physician's offices and access to health care: The Case of Houston, Texas", Social Sciences, 7(8), pp. -. MDPI AG. DOI: [htttp://doi.org/10.3390/socsci7080119 10.3390/socsci7080119]

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Massey D.S.; Tannen J. (2018) "Suburbanization and segregation in the United States: 1970 2010", Ethnic and Racial Studies, 41(9), pp. 1594-1611. Routledge. DOI: [htttp://doi.org/10.1080/01419870.2017.1312010 10.1080/01419870.2017.1312010]

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Massey D.S. (2020) "Still the Linchpin: Segregation and Stratification in the USA", Race and Social Problems, 12(1), pp. 1-12. Springer. DOI: [htttp://doi.org/10.1007/s12552-019-09280-1 10.1007/s12552-019-09280-1]

Ekenga C.C.; Tian R. (2022) "Promoting Food Equity in the Context of Residential Segregation", Environmental Justice, 15(6), pp. 346-351. Mary Ann Liebert Inc.. DOI: [htttp://doi.org/10.1089/env.2021.0029 10.1089/env.2021.0029]

Haupert T. (2022) "New Technology, Old Patterns: Fintech Lending, Metropolitan Segregation, and Subprime Credit", Race and Social Problems, 14(4), pp. 293-307. Springer. DOI: [htttp://doi.org/10.1007/s12552-021-09353-0 10.1007/s12552-021-09353-0]

Planey A.M.; Grady S.C.; Fetaw R.; McLafferty S.L. (2022) "Spaces of Segregation and Health: Complex Associations for Black Immigrant and US Born Mothers in New York City", Journal of Urban Health, 99(3), pp. 469-481. Springer. DOI: [htttp://doi.org/10.1007/s11524-022-00634-6 10.1007/s11524-022-00634-6]

Crowell A.; Fossett M. (2022) "Metropolitan racial residential segregation in the United States: A microlevel and cross context analysis of Black, Latino, and Asian segregation", Demographic Research, 46(), pp. 217-260. Max Planck Institute for Demographic Research. DOI: [htttp://doi.org/10.4054/DEMRES.2022.46.8 10.4054/DEMRES.2022.46.8]

McClellan C.; Delmont M. (2023) "Policy Dialogue: Racial Segregation in America's Schools", History of Education Quarterly, 63(1), pp. 126-137. Cambridge University Press. DOI: [htttp://doi.org/10.1017/heq.2022.44 10.1017/heq.2022.44]