Apartheid segregation

Date and country of first publication

1960
None

Definition

{NoteAI} Apartheid segregation refers to the system of racial segregation that was enforced in South Africa from 1948 to 1994. Under apartheid, the South African government implemented a policy of racial separation and discrimination, with strict laws that classified individuals into different racial groups and dictated where they could live, work, and socialize.

In this system, the white minority government sought to maintain political and economic power by enforcing racial segregation and privileging white citizens over non-white citizens. The apartheid laws divided South Africans into four main racial groups: White, Black, Colored, and Indian/Asian. These groups were intended to be kept separate and were assigned different rights and privileges under the apartheid laws.

Key aspects of apartheid segregation included the forced removals of non-white communities from their homes, the establishment of separate residential areas (townships) for different racial groups, the restriction of non-white citizens' freedom of movement through pass laws, and the complete disenfranchisement of non-white citizens from political representation.

Apartheid segregation also extended to education, healthcare, and employment, with non-white individuals receiving inferior services and limited opportunities compared to their white counterparts. Interracial relationships and marriages were also banned under apartheid laws.

Apartheid segregation sparked significant domestic and international opposition, leading to protests, boycotts, and international sanctions against the South African government. The apartheid system ultimately ended in 1994 with the election of Nelson Mandela and the establishment of a democratic government, marking a significant moment in the country's history towards racial equality and reconciliation.

Further reading

(1960) "Academic apartheid: Segregation of South African universities", The Round Table, 50(198), pp. 134-139. . DOI: [htttp://doi.org/10.1080/00358536008452233 10.1080/00358536008452233]

Massey D.S. (1990) "American apartheid: segregation and the making of the underclass", American Journal of Sociology, 96(2), pp. 329-357. . DOI: [htttp://doi.org/10.1086/229532 10.1086/229532]

Merrett C. (2004) "From the outside lane: Issues of 'race' in South African athletics in the twentieth century", Patterns of Prejudice, 38(3), pp. 233-251. . DOI: [htttp://doi.org/10.1080/0031322042000250448 10.1080/0031322042000250448]

Donaldson R.; Kotze N. (2006) "Residential desegregation dynamics in the South African city of Polokwane (Pietersburg)", Tijdschrift voor Economische en Sociale Geografie, 97(5), pp. 567-582. . DOI: [htttp://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9663.2006.00364.x 10.1111/j.1467-9663.2006.00364.x]

Lemon A. (2011) "Residential Segregation: Apartheid", International Encyclopedia of Housing and Home, 111-120. Elsevier. DOI: [htttp://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-08-047163-1.00088-6 10.1016/B978-0-08-047163-1.00088-6]

Lemon A. (2012) "Residential segregation. Apartheid", International Encyclopedia of Housing and Home, 111-120. Elsevier. DOI: [htttp://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-08-047163-1.00088-6 10.1016/B978-0-08-047163-1.00088-6]

Hardev J.S.; Mani M. (2013) "The reconciliation process in post apartheid South Africa through Zakes Mda's Madonna of excelsior", Pertanika Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities, 21(November), pp. 159-172. Universiti Putra Malaysia. DOI: [htttp://doi.org/ ]

Ratele K. (2013) "Subordinate Black South African men without fear", Cahiers d'Etudes Africaines, 53(1-2), pp. 247-268. Editions de l'Ecole des Hautes Etudes en Sciences Sociales. DOI: [htttp://doi.org/10.4000/etudesafricaines.17320 10.4000/etudesafricaines.17320]

Moloi K.C.; Motaung R.R. (2014) "Challenges of total quality in education through quality assurance principles in one institution of higher education in South Africa", Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences, 5(1), pp. 137-145. . DOI: [htttp://doi.org/10.5901/mjss.2014.v5n1p137 10.5901/mjss.2014.v5n1p137]

West-Pavlov R. (2014) "Inside Out The New Literary Geographies of the Post Apartheid City in Mpe's and Vladislavić's Johannesburg Writing", Journal of Southern African Studies, 40(1), pp. 7-19. Routledge. DOI: [htttp://doi.org/10.1080/03057070.2014.877655 10.1080/03057070.2014.877655]

Grootboom N.P. (2014) "Teacher attitudes and beliefs in language of instruction in a desegregated school environment in South Africa", Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences, 5(23), pp. 1064-1073. Mediterranean Center of Social and Educational Research. DOI: [htttp://doi.org/10.5901/mjss.2014.v5n23p1064 10.5901/mjss.2014.v5n23p1064]

Sides K.B. (2016) "Ecologies of relation: post slavery, post apartheid, and rethinking race across the Atlantic in Zakes Mda’s Cion", Safundi, 17(1), pp. 3-19. Routledge. DOI: [htttp://doi.org/10.1080/17533171.2015.1130771 10.1080/17533171.2015.1130771]

Malila V. (2016) "Voting void? Young South Africans, elections and the media", Communicatio, 42(2), pp. 170-190. Routledge. DOI: [htttp://doi.org/10.1080/02500167.2016.1167750 10.1080/02500167.2016.1167750]

Liotard P. (2016) "From Apartheid to segregation in sports: The transgressive body of Caster Mokgadi Semenya", Gender Testing in Sport: Ethics, Cases and Controversies, 13-26. Taylor and Francis Inc.. DOI: [htttp://doi.org/10.4324/9781315723150 10.4324/9781315723150]

Amodio F.; Chiovelli G. (2018) "Ethnicity and violence during democratic transitions: Evidence From South Africa", Journal of the European Economic Association, 16(4), pp. 1234-1280. Oxford University Press. DOI: [htttp://doi.org/10.1093/JEEA/JVX034 10.1093/JEEA/JVX034]

Massey D.S.; Denton N.A. (2018) "American apartheid: Segregation and the making of the underclass", Inequality: Classic Readings in Race, Class, and Gender, 103-118. Taylor and Francis. DOI: [htttp://doi.org/ ]

Massey D.S.; Denton N.A. (2018) "American Apartheid: Segregation and the Making of the Underclass", Inequality in the 21st Century: A Reader, 142-150. Taylor and Francis. DOI: [htttp://doi.org/10.4324/9780429499821-27 10.4324/9780429499821-27]

Massey D.S.; Denton N.A. (2018) "American Apartheid: Segregation and the Making of the Underclass", Social Stratification: Class, Race, and Gender in Sociological Perspective, 376-385. Taylor and Francis. DOI: [htttp://doi.org/10.4324/9780429494642-49 10.4324/9780429494642-49]

Davids M.N. (2018) "Re imagining cosmopolitanism in post apartheid South Africa: Reviving historical "cosmubuntuism" in forced removal spaces for a democratic future", International Journal of Community Diversity, 18(1), pp. 23-36. Common Ground Research Networks. DOI: [htttp://doi.org/10.18848/2327-0004/CGP/v18i01/23-36 10.18848/2327-0004/CGP/v18i01/23-36]

Sayed Y.; Motala S.; Carel D.; Ahmed R. (2020) "School governance and funding policy in south africa: Towards social justice and equity in education policy", South African Journal of Education, 40(4), pp. 1-12. South African Journal Of Education. DOI: [htttp://doi.org/10.15700/saje.v40n4a2045 10.15700/saje.v40n4a2045]

Botha M.; Watermeyer B. (2021) "'This place is not for children like her': Disability, ambiguous belonging and the claiming of disadvantage in postapartheid South Africa", Medical Humanities, 47(1), pp. 4-10. BMJ Publishing Group. DOI: [htttp://doi.org/10.1136/medhum-2018-011560 10.1136/medhum-2018-011560]

Ballard R.; Hamann C. (2021) "Income Inequality and Socio economic Segregation in the City of Johannesburg", Urban Book Series, 91-109. Springer Science and Business Media Deutschland GmbH. DOI: [htttp://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-64569-4_5 10.1007/978-3-030-64569-4_5]

Moses E. (2022) "Long and short distance internal migration motivations in post apartheid Namibia: a gravity model approach", Journal for Studies in Economics and Econometrics, 46(1), pp. 23-42. Routledge. DOI: [htttp://doi.org/10.1080/03796205.2022.2074873 10.1080/03796205.2022.2074873]

Naidoo K. (2023) "Between racial madness and neoliberal reason: metonymic contagion in apartheid biopower", Social Dynamics, -. Centre for African Studies. DOI: [htttp://doi.org/10.1080/02533952.2023.2167425 10.1080/02533952.2023.2167425]