Formal segregation

Date and country of first publication

2004
United States

Definition

Formal segregation refers to the enforced separation of different racial, ethnic, or cultural groups within a society by laws, regulations, or policies. This type of segregation is typically sanctioned by the government or other official institutions and can involve the segregation of public facilities, accommodations, schools, workplaces, and other institutions based on race, ethnicity, religion, or other characteristics. Formal segregation was historically prevalent in many countries, particularly during periods of institutionalized racism and discrimination.

Synonyms

The following terms are synonymous with:

formalised segregation.

References and literature addressing this segregation form under these synonymous terms can be found below.

Related segregation forms

Formal segregation is frequently discussed in the literature with the following segregation forms:

female segregation

Visualization based on the research

For the complete network of associated segregation forms, see:

• First year of publication https://tinyurl.com/2235lkhw

• Louvain clusters https://tinyurl.com/2d8wg5n3

• Betweenness centrality https://tinyurl.com/223udk5r

• Disciplines where segregation forms first appeared https://tinyurl.com/244d8unz

Notes

At its current state, this definition has been generated by a Large Language Model (LLM) so far without review by an independent researcher or a member of the curating team of segregation experts that keep the Segregation Wiki online. While we strive for accuracy, we cannot guarantee its reliability, completeness and timeliness. Please use this content with caution and verify information as needed. Also, feel free to improve on the definition as you see fit, including the use of references and other informational resources. We value your input in enhancing the quality and accuracy of the definitions of segregation forms collectively offered in the Segregation Wiki ©.

Formal segregation appears in the following literature

Clement D.C., Harding J.R. (1978). Social Distinctions and Emergent Student Groups in a Desegregated School. Anthropology & Education Quarterly, 9(4), 272-282. https://doi.org/10.1525/aeq.1978.9.4.05x1858l

Dixon J., Durrheim K. (2003). Contact and the ecology of racial division: Some varieties of informal segregation. British Journal of Social Psychology, 42(1), 1-23. https://doi.org/10.1348/014466603763276090

Mykerezi E., Mills B.F. (2004). Education and economic well being in racially diverse rural counties: The role of Historically Black Colleges and Universities. Review of Regional Studies, 34(3), 303-319. https://doi.org/

Durrheim K., Trotter K., Piper L., Manicom D. (2004). From Exclusion to Informal Segregation: The Limits to Racial Transformation at the University of Natal. Social Dynamics, 30(1), 141-169. https://doi.org/10.1080/02533950408628667

Schrieff L., Tredoux C., Dixon J., Finchilescu G. (2005). Patterns of racial segregation in university residence dining halls. South African Journal of Psychology, 35(3), 433-443. Bureau for Scientific Publications.https://doi.org/10.1177/008124630503500303

Finchilescu G. (2005). Meta stereotypes may hinder inter racial contact. South African Journal of Psychology, 35(3), 460-472. Bureau for Scientific Publications.https://doi.org/10.1177/008124630503500305

Goldstone D. (2006). Integrating the 40 acres: The fifty year struggle for racial equality at the university of Texas. Integrating the 40 Acres: The Fifty-Year Struggle for Racial Equality at the University of Texas, 1-213. University of Georgia Press.https://doi.org/

Finchilescu G., Tredoux C., Mynhardt J., Pillay J., Muianga L. (2007). Accounting for lack of interracial mixing amongst South African university students. South African Journal of Psychology, 37(4), 720-737. SAGE Publications Inc..https://doi.org/10.1177/008124630703700404

Alexander L. (2007). Invading pure space: Disrupting black and white racially homogenised spaces. South African Journal of Psychology, 37(4), 738-754. Bureau for Scientific Publications.https://doi.org/10.1177/008124630703700405

Fiss O. (2009). A way out: America's ghettos and the legacy of racism. A Way Out: America's Ghettos and the Legacy of Racism, -. Princeton University Press.https://doi.org/

Fiss O., Cohen J., Decker J., Rogers J. (2009). A way out: America's ghettos and the legacy of racism. A Way Out: America's Ghettos and the Legacy of Racism, 1-130. Princeton University Press.https://doi.org/

Snyder R.W. (201). A useless and terrible death: The Michael farmer case, "Hidden Violence," and New York City in the fifties. Journal of Urban History, 36(2), 226-250. https://doi.org/10.1177/0096144209351107

Young C., Mayson T. (201). The Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Scale (AUDIT) normative scores for a multiracial sample of Rhodes University residence students. Journal of Child and Adolescent Mental Health, 22(1), 15-23. https://doi.org/10.2989/17280583.2010.493659

Alexander L., Tredoux C. (201). The spaces between Us: A spatial analysis of informal segregation at a South African University. Journal of Social Issues, 66(2), 367-386. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-4560.2010.01650.x

Orr R., Mckeown S., Cairns E., Stringer M. (2012). Examining non racial segregation: A micro ecological approach. British Journal of Social Psychology, 51(4), 717-723. John Wiley and Sons Ltd..https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2044-8309.2011.02080.x

Telles E.E. (2014). Race in another America: The significance of skin color in Brazil. Race in Another America: The Significance of Skin Color in Brazil, 1-324. Princeton University Press.https://doi.org/

Iqbal H. (2014). Multicultural parenting: Preparation for bias socialisation in British South Asian and White families in the UK. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 43(PB), 215-226. Elsevier Ltd.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijintrel.2014.08.017

Priest N., Paradies Y., Ferdinand A., Rouhani L., Kelaher M. (2014). Patterns of intergroup contact in public spaces: Micro ecology of segregation in australian communities. Societies, 4(1), 30-44. MDPI.https://doi.org/10.3390/soc4010030

Schieferdecker D., Wessler H. (2017). Bridging Segregation Via Media Exposure? Ingroup Identification, Outgroup Distance, and Low Direct Contact Reduce Outgroup Appearance in Media Repertoires. Journal of Communication, 67(6), 993-1014. Blackwell Publishing Ltd.https://doi.org/10.1111/jcom.12338

Macfarlane K. (2018). Education, sufficiency, and the relational egalitarian ideal. Journal of Applied Philosophy, 35(4), 759-774. Wiley-Blackwell.https://doi.org/10.1111/japp.12260

Vice S. (2018). Impartiality, partiality and privilege: The view from South Africa. Debating African Philosophy: Perspectives on Identity, Decolonial Ethics and Comparative Philosophy, 130-145. Taylor and Francis.https://doi.org/10.4324/9780429438189-9

Grove M., Ogden L., Pickett S., Boone C., Buckley G., Locke D.H., Lord C., Hall B. (2018). The Legacy Effect: Understanding How Segregation and Environmental Injustice Unfold over Time in Baltimore. Annals of the American Association of Geographers, 108(2), 524-537. Taylor and Francis Ltd..https://doi.org/10.1080/24694452.2017.1365585

Cobb C.R. (2019). Flat Ontologies, Cosmopolitanism, and Space at Carolina Forts. Historical Archaeology, 53(1), 73-85. Springer International Publishing.https://doi.org/10.1007/s41636-019-00160-4

Bettencourt L., Dixon J., Castro P. (2019). Understanding How and Why Spatial Segregation Endures: A Systematic Review of Recent Research on Intergroup Relations at a Micro Ecological Scale. Social Psychological Bulletin, 14(2), -. PsychOpen.https://doi.org/10.32872/spb.v14i2.33482

Canham H., Maier C. (202). In the Blood: The Consequences of Naturalising Microsegregation in Workplace Social Networks. Group and Organization Management, 45(5), 674-708. SAGE Publications Inc..https://doi.org/10.1177/1059601120949347

Agrizzi D., Soobaroyen T., Alsalloom A. (2021). Spatiality and accounting: The case of female segregation in audit firms. Accounting, Organizations and Society, 93(), -. Elsevier Ltd.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aos.2021.101238

Ballard R., Hamann C., Mkhize T. (2021). Johannesburg: Repetitions and Disruptions of Spatial Patterns. GeoJournal Library, 35-55. Springer Science and Business Media B.V..https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-73073-4_3