Racial residential segregation

Date and country of first publication

1965
United States

Definition

At its current state, this definition has been generated by a Large Language Model (LLM) so far without review by an independent researcher or a member of the curating team of segregation experts that keep the Segregation Wiki online. While we strive for accuracy, we cannot guarantee its reliability, completeness and timeliness. Please use this content with caution and verify information as needed. Also, feel free to improve on the definition as you see fit, including the use of references and other informational resources. We value your input in enhancing the quality and accuracy of the definitions of segregation forms collectively offered in the Segregation Wiki ©.

Racial residential segregation refers to the separation of individuals of different races into different neighborhoods or residential areas. This phenomenon often occurs as a result of historical and systemic discrimination, as well as social and economic factors.

Racial segregation in residential areas can have negative impacts on individuals and communities, including limited access to quality education, healthcare, employment opportunities, and socioeconomic resources. It can also contribute to the perpetuation of racial inequalities and disparities in society.

Efforts to address racial residential segregation may include implementing fair housing policies, promoting inclusive and diverse neighborhoods, and addressing underlying factors such as poverty and discrimination. By creating more equitable and integrated communities, we can work towards a more just and inclusive society for all.

Further reading

Miller L. (1965) "The Protest Against Housing Segregation", The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 357(1), pp. 73-79. . DOI: [htttp://doi.org/10.1177/000271626535700108 10.1177/000271626535700108]

Taeuber K.E. (1968) "The Effect of Income Redistribution On Racial Residential Segregation", Urban Affairs Review, 4(1), pp. 5-14. . DOI: [htttp://doi.org/10.1177/107808746800400102 10.1177/107808746800400102]

Lowry M., II (1972) "Racial segregation: A geographical adaptation and analysis", Journal of Geography, 71(1), pp. 28-40. . DOI: [htttp://doi.org/10.1080/00221347208981443 10.1080/00221347208981443]

Sørensen A.; Taeuber K.E.; Hollingsworth L.J., Jr. (1975) "Indexes of racial residential segregation for 109 cities in the United States, 1940 to 1970", Sociological Focus, 8(2), pp. 125-142. . DOI: [htttp://doi.org/10.1080/00380237.1975.10571422 10.1080/00380237.1975.10571422]

Kelleher D.T. (1975) "Neighborhood schools and racial residential segregation", Educational Forum, 39(2), pp. 209-215. . DOI: [htttp://doi.org/10.1080/00131727509339055 10.1080/00131727509339055]

Yinger J. (1976) "Racial prejudice and racial residential segregation in an urban model", Journal of Urban Economics, 3(4), pp. 383-396. . DOI: [htttp://doi.org/10.1016/0094-1190(76)90037-1 10.1016/0094-1190(76)90037-1]

Farley R. (1977) "Residential segregation in urbanized areas of the United States in 1970: An analysis of social class and racial differences", Demography, 14(4), pp. 497-518. . DOI: [htttp://doi.org/10.2307/2060592 10.2307/2060592]

Farley R.; Schuman H.; Bianchi S.; Colasanto D.; Hatchett S. (1978) ""Chocolate city, vanilla suburbs:" Will the trend toward racially separate communities continue?", Social Science Research, 7(4), pp. 319-344. . DOI: [htttp://doi.org/10.1016/0049-089X(78)90017-0 10.1016/0049-089X(78)90017-0]

Farley R.; Bianchi S.; Colasanto D. (1979) "Barriers to the Racial Integration of Neighborhoods: The Detroit Case", The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 441(1), pp. 97-113. . DOI: [htttp://doi.org/10.1177/000271627944100108 10.1177/000271627944100108]

Taeuber K.E. (1979) "Housing, Schools, and Incremental Segregative Effects", The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 441(1), pp. 157-167. . DOI: [htttp://doi.org/10.1177/000271627944100112 10.1177/000271627944100112]

Taylor D.G. (1979) "Housing, Neighborhoods, and Race Relations: Recent Survey Evidence", The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 441(1), pp. 26-40. . DOI: [htttp://doi.org/10.1177/000271627944100104 10.1177/000271627944100104]

Fly J.W.; Reinhart G.R. (1980) "Racial Separation during the 1970s: The Case of Birmingham", Social Forces, 58(4), pp. 1255-1262. Oxford University Press. DOI: [htttp://doi.org/10.1093/sf/58.4.1255 10.1093/sf/58.4.1255]

Clark W.A.V. (1980) "Residential mobility and neighborhood change: Some implications for racial residential segregation", Urban Geography, 1(2), pp. 95-107. . DOI: [htttp://doi.org/10.2747/0272-3638.1.2.95 10.2747/0272-3638.1.2.95]

Roof W.C. (1980) "Southern birth and racial residential segregation: the case of northern cities ( USA).", American Journal of Sociology, 86(2), pp. 350-358. . DOI: [htttp://doi.org/10.1086/227242 10.1086/227242]

Streitwieser M.L.; Goodman Jr. J.L. (1983) "A survey of recent research on race and residential location", Population Research and Policy Review, 2(3), pp. 253-283. Kluwer Academic Publishers. DOI: [htttp://doi.org/10.1007/BF00157999 10.1007/BF00157999]

Bell P.A.; Wade Smith A. (1985) "Racial residential segregation in the sun belt", Social Indicators Research, 16(2), pp. 181-193. Kluwer Academic Publishers. DOI: [htttp://doi.org/10.1007/BF00574617 10.1007/BF00574617]

Stearns L.B.; Logan J.R. (1986) "Measuring trends in segregation: Three dimensions, three measures", Urban Affairs Review, 22(1), pp. 124-150. . DOI: [htttp://doi.org/10.1177/004208168602200107 10.1177/004208168602200107]

Pirie G.H. (1987) "African township railways and the South African state, 1902 1963", Journal of Historical Geography, 13(3), pp. 283-295. . DOI: [htttp://doi.org/10.1016/S0305-7488(87)80117-2 10.1016/S0305-7488(87)80117-2]

Galster G.C. (1987) "Residential segregation and interracial economic disparities: A simultaneous equations approach", Journal of Urban Economics, 21(1), pp. 22-44. . DOI: [htttp://doi.org/10.1016/0094-1190(87)90020-9 10.1016/0094-1190(87)90020-9]

Darden J.T. (1987) "Socioeconomic Status and Racial Residential Segregation: Blacks and Hispanics in Chicago", Comparative Sociology, 28(1-2), pp. 1-13. . DOI: [htttp://doi.org/10.1163/156854287X00013 10.1163/156854287X00013]

Frenkel S.; Western J. (1988) "Pretext or Prophylaxis? Racial Segregation and Malarial Mosquitos in a British Tropical Colony: Sierra Leone", Annals of the Association of American Geographers, 78(2), pp. 211-228. . DOI: [htttp://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8306.1988.tb00203.x 10.1111/j.1467-8306.1988.tb00203.x]

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Galster G. (1988) "Residential segregation in American cities: A contrary review", Population Research and Policy Review, 7(3), pp. 93-112. Kluwer Academic Publishers. DOI: [htttp://doi.org/10.1007/BF00125462 10.1007/BF00125462]

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Fong E. (1996) "A comparative perspective on racial residential segregation: American and canadian experiences", Sociological Quarterly, 37(2), pp. 199-226. University of California Press. DOI: [htttp://doi.org/10.1111/j.1533-8525.1996.tb01746.x 10.1111/j.1533-8525.1996.tb01746.x]

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Fang J.; Madhavan S.; Bosworth W.; Alderman M.H. (1998) "Residential segregation and mortality in New York City", Social Science and Medicine, 47(4), pp. 469-476. . DOI: [htttp://doi.org/10.1016/S0277-9536(98)00128-2 10.1016/S0277-9536(98)00128-2]

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Gotham K.F. (2000) "Urban space, restrictive covenants and the origins of racial residential segregation in a US city, 1900 50", International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, 24(3), pp. 616-633. Blackwell Publishing Ltd. DOI: [htttp://doi.org/10.1111/1468-2427.00268 10.1111/1468-2427.00268]

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Subramanian S.V.; Acevedo-Garcia D.; Osypuk T.L. (2005) "Racial residential segregation and geographic heterogeneity in black/white disparity in poor self rated health in the US: A multilevel statistical analysis", Social Science and Medicine, 60(8), pp. 1667-1679. Elsevier Ltd. DOI: [htttp://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2004.08.040 10.1016/j.socscimed.2004.08.040]

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Bell J.F.; Zimmerman F.J.; Almgren G.R.; Mayer J.D.; Huebner C.E. (2006) "Birth outcomes among urban African American women: A multilevel analysis of the role of racial residential segregation", Social Science and Medicine, 63(12), pp. 3030-3045. . DOI: [htttp://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2006.08.011 10.1016/j.socscimed.2006.08.011]

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Mouw T.; Entwisle B. (2006) "Residential segregation and interracial friendship in schools", American Journal of Sociology, 112(2), pp. 394-441. . DOI: [htttp://doi.org/10.1086/506415 10.1086/506415]

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Bischoff K. (2008) "School district fragmentation and racial residential segregation: How do boundaries matter?", Urban Affairs Review, 44(2), pp. 182-217. . DOI: [htttp://doi.org/10.1177/1078087408320651 10.1177/1078087408320651]

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Krivo L.J.; Peterson R.D.; Kuhl D.C. (2009) "Segregation, racial structure, and neighborhood violent crime", American Journal of Sociology, 114(6), pp. 1765-1802. . DOI: [htttp://doi.org/10.1086/597285 10.1086/597285]

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Marsh K.; Iceland J. (2010) "The racial residential segregation of black single living alone households", City and Community, 9(3), pp. 299-319. . DOI: [htttp://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6040.2010.01338.x 10.1111/j.1540-6040.2010.01338.x]

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Marsh B.; Parnell A.; Joyner A. (2010) "Institutionalization of racial inequality in local political geographies", Urban Geography, 31(5), pp. 691-709. . DOI: [htttp://doi.org/10.2747/0272-3638.31.5.691 10.2747/0272-3638.31.5.691]

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Darden J.; Rahbar M.; Jezierski L.; Li M.; Velie E. (2010) "The measurement of neighborhood socioeconomic characteristics and black and white residential segregation in metropolitan detroit: Implications for the study of social disparities in health", Annals of the Association of American Geographers, 100(1), pp. 137-158. . DOI: [htttp://doi.org/10.1080/00045600903379042 10.1080/00045600903379042]

Jasso G. (2010) "Linking individuals and societies", Journal of Mathematical Sociology, 34(1), pp. 1-51. . DOI: [htttp://doi.org/10.1080/00222500903069632 10.1080/00222500903069632]

Mpofu B. (2011) "Undesirable Indians, residential segregation and the Ill fated rise of the white housing covenanters in Bulawayo, colonial Zimbabwe, 1930 1973", South African Historical Journal, 63(4), pp. 553-580. . DOI: [htttp://doi.org/10.1080/02582473.2011.626437 10.1080/02582473.2011.626437]

Hanlon J. (2011) "Unsightly urban menaces and the rescaling of residential segregation in the United States", Journal of Urban History, 37(5), pp. 732-756. . DOI: [htttp://doi.org/10.1177/0096144211407744 10.1177/0096144211407744]

Merino S.M. (2011) "Neighbors like me? religious affiliation and neighborhood racial preferences among non hispanic whites", Religions, 2(2), pp. 165-183. . DOI: [htttp://doi.org/10.3390/rel2020165 10.3390/rel2020165]

Ananat E.O. (2011) "The wrong side(s) of the tracks: The causal effects of racial segregation on urban poverty and inequality", American Economic Journal: Applied Economics, 3(2), pp. 34-66. . DOI: [htttp://doi.org/10.1257/app.3.2.34 10.1257/app.3.2.34]

Ducre K.A.; Moore E. (2011) "Research article: Extending the time line of environmental justice claims: Redlining map digitization project", Environmental Practice, 13(4), pp. 325-339. . DOI: [htttp://doi.org/10.1017/S1466046611000354 10.1017/S1466046611000354]

Bennett P.R. (2011) "The relationship between neighborhood racial concentration and verbal ability: An investigation using the institutional resources model", Social Science Research, 40(4), pp. 1124-1141. . DOI: [htttp://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssresearch.2011.04.001 10.1016/j.ssresearch.2011.04.001]

Hutson M.A.; Wilson S. (2011) "The role of community based strategies in addressing metropolitan segregation and racial health disparities", Community Development, 42(4), pp. 476-493. . DOI: [htttp://doi.org/10.1080/15575330.2011.588067 10.1080/15575330.2011.588067]

Beaulieu M.; Continelli T. (2011) "Benefits of Segregation for White Communities: A Review of the Literature and Directions for Future Research", Journal of African American Studies, 15(4), pp. 487-507. . DOI: [htttp://doi.org/10.1007/s12111-011-9158-1 10.1007/s12111-011-9158-1]

Anthopolos R.; James S.A.; Gelfand A.E.; Miranda M.L. (2011) "A spatial measure of neighborhood level racial isolation applied to low birthweight, preterm birth, and birthweight in North Carolina", Spatial and Spatio-temporal Epidemiology, 2(4), pp. 235-246. . DOI: [htttp://doi.org/10.1016/j.sste.2011.06.002 10.1016/j.sste.2011.06.002]

de Bodman F.; Bennett P.R. (2011) "Mr. secretary, tear down this wall: Can and Should the Federal Government Use Affirmative Action to Promote Residential Integration?", Du Bois Review, 8(2), pp. 441-466. . DOI: [htttp://doi.org/10.1017/S1742058X11000427 10.1017/S1742058X11000427]

Wang Y. (2011) "White flight in Los Angeles county, 1960 1990: A model of fuzzy tipping", Annals of Regional Science, 47(1), pp. 111-129. . DOI: [htttp://doi.org/10.1007/s00168-009-0343-2 10.1007/s00168-009-0343-2]

South S.J.; Pais J.; Crowder K. (2011) "Metropolitan influences on migration into poor and nonpoor neighborhoods", Social Science Research, 40(3), pp. 950-964. . DOI: [htttp://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssresearch.2011.01.003 10.1016/j.ssresearch.2011.01.003]

Lewis J.H.; Hamilton D.K. (2011) "Race and regionalism: The structure of local government and racial disparity", Urban Affairs Review, 47(3), pp. 349-384. . DOI: [htttp://doi.org/10.1177/1078087410391751 10.1177/1078087410391751]

South S.J.; Crowder K.; Pais J. (2011) "Metropolitan Structure and Neighborhood Attainment: Exploring Intermetropolitan Variation in Racial Residential Segregation", Demography, 48(4), pp. 1263-1292. Duke University Press. DOI: [htttp://doi.org/10.1007/s13524-011-0062-z 10.1007/s13524-011-0062-z]

Boustan L.P. (2012) "Racial Residential Segregation in American Cities", The Oxford Handbook of Urban Economics and Planning, -. Oxford University Press. DOI: [htttp://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195380620.013.0015 10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195380620.013.0015]

Smith J.M. (2012) "Maintaining racial inequality through crime control: Mass incarceration and residential segregation", Contemporary Justice Review: Issues in Criminal, Social, and Restorative Justice, 15(4), pp. 469-484. . DOI: [htttp://doi.org/10.1080/10282580.2012.734577 10.1080/10282580.2012.734577]

Grady S.; Darden J. (2012) "Spatial Methods to Study Local Racial Residential Segregation and Infant Health in Detroit, Michigan", Annals of the Association of American Geographers, 102(5), pp. 922-931. . DOI: [htttp://doi.org/10.1080/00045608.2012.674898 10.1080/00045608.2012.674898]

Wang Y. (2012) "Decomposing the entropy index of racial diversity: In search of two types of variance", Annals of Regional Science, 48(3), pp. 897-915. . DOI: [htttp://doi.org/10.1007/s00168-010-0426-0 10.1007/s00168-010-0426-0]

Quillian L. (2012) "Segregation and Poverty Concentration: The Role of Three Segregations", American Sociological Review, 77(3), pp. 354-379. . DOI: [htttp://doi.org/10.1177/0003122412447793 10.1177/0003122412447793]

Peterson R.D. (2012) "The Central Place Of Race In Crime And Justice The American Society Of Criminology's 2011 Sutherland Address", Criminology, 50(2), pp. 303-328. . DOI: [htttp://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-9125.2012.00271.x 10.1111/j.1745-9125.2012.00271.x]

Anderson K.F.; Fullerton A.S. (2012) "Racial residential segregation and access to health care coverage: A multilevel analysis", Research in the Sociology of Health Care, 30(), pp. 133-158. Emerald Group Publishing Ltd.. DOI: [htttp://doi.org/10.1108/S0275-4959(2012)0000030009 10.1108/S0275-4959(2012)0000030009]

Borrell L.N.; Kiefe C.I.; Diez-Roux A.V.; Williams D.R.; Gordon-Larsen P. (2013) "Racial discrimination, racial/ethnic segregation, and health behaviors in the CARDIA study", Ethnicity and Health, 18(3), pp. 227-243. . DOI: [htttp://doi.org/10.1080/13557858.2012.713092 10.1080/13557858.2012.713092]

Kwate N.O.A.; Loh J.M.; White K.; Saldana N. (2013) "Retail redlining in New York City: Racialized access to day to day retail resources", Journal of Urban Health, 90(4), pp. 632-652. . DOI: [htttp://doi.org/10.1007/s11524-012-9725-3 10.1007/s11524-012-9725-3]

Davis S.K.; Tucker-Brown A. (2013) "The Effects of Social Determinants on Black Women's HIV Risk: HIV Is Bigger Than Biology", Journal of Black Studies, 44(3), pp. 273-289. . DOI: [htttp://doi.org/10.1177/0021934713481805 10.1177/0021934713481805]

Chamlin M.B.; Sanders B.A. (2013) "A time series factor analysis of integrative and coercive social control", Journal of Crime and Justice, 36(1), pp. 53-66. . DOI: [htttp://doi.org/10.1080/0735648X.2011.635444 10.1080/0735648X.2011.635444]

Pendergrass S. (2013) "Perceptions of race and region in the black reverse migration to the south", Du Bois Review, 10(1), pp. 155-178. . DOI: [htttp://doi.org/10.1017/S1742058X13000088 10.1017/S1742058X13000088]

Charles C.Z. (2013) "“The dynamics of racial residential segregation”: From annual review of sociology (2003)", The Affordable Housing Reader, 499-527. Taylor and Francis. DOI: [htttp://doi.org/10.4324/9780203722671 10.4324/9780203722671]

Kapoor N. (2013) "Rethinking empirical approaches to racial segregation", Sociological Review, 61(3), pp. 440-459. Blackwell Publishing Ltd. DOI: [htttp://doi.org/10.1111/1467-954X.12030 10.1111/1467-954X.12030]

Jones A. (2013) "Segregation and cardiovascular illness: The role of individual and metropolitan socioeconomic status", Health and Place, 22(), pp. 56-67. Elsevier Ltd. DOI: [htttp://doi.org/10.1016/j.healthplace.2013.02.009 10.1016/j.healthplace.2013.02.009]

Sudano J.J.; Perzynski A.; Wong D.W.; Colabianchi N.; Litaker D. (2013) "Neighborhood racial residential segregation and changes in health or death among older adults", Health and Place, 19(1), pp. 80-88. Elsevier Ltd. DOI: [htttp://doi.org/10.1016/j.healthplace.2012.09.015 10.1016/j.healthplace.2012.09.015]

Mendez D.D.; Hogan V.K.; Culhane J.F. (2014) "Institutional racism, neighborhood factors, stress, and preterm birth", Ethnicity and Health, 19(5), pp. 479-499. Routledge. DOI: [htttp://doi.org/10.1080/13557858.2013.846300 10.1080/13557858.2013.846300]

Arvanites T. (2014) "Segregation and African American imprisonment rates for drug offenses", Social Science Journal, 51(3), pp. 431-437. Elsevier Inc.. DOI: [htttp://doi.org/10.1016/j.soscij.2013.11.004 10.1016/j.soscij.2013.11.004]

Kontokosta C.E. (2014) "Mixed income housing and neighborhood integration: Evidence from inclusionary zoning programs", Journal of Urban Affairs, 36(4), pp. 716-741. Blackwell Publishing Ltd. DOI: [htttp://doi.org/10.1111/juaf.12068 10.1111/juaf.12068]

Richardson W.J.; Glantz L.; Adelman R.M. (2014) "‘Ain’t nothin’ here in Buffalo’: Residents’ perceptions about living in a racially isolated, high poverty neighborhood", Journal of Children and Poverty, 20(2), pp. 73-90. Routledge. DOI: [htttp://doi.org/10.1080/10796126.2014.934337 10.1080/10796126.2014.934337]

Bruch E.E. (2014) "How population structure shapes neighborhood segregation", American Journal of Sociology, 119(5), pp. 1221-1278. University of Chicago Press. DOI: [htttp://doi.org/10.1086/675411 10.1086/675411]

Burch T. (2014) "The old jim crow: Racial residential segregation and neighborhood imprisonment", Law and Policy, 36(3), pp. 223-255. Blackwell Publishing Ltd. DOI: [htttp://doi.org/10.1111/lapo.12022 10.1111/lapo.12022]

Greer S.; Kramer M.R.; Cook-Smith J.N.; Casper M.L. (2014) "Metropolitan racial residential segregation and cardiovascular mortality: Exploring pathways", Journal of Urban Health, 91(3), pp. 499-509. Springer Science and Business Media Deutschland GmbH. DOI: [htttp://doi.org/10.1007/s11524-013-9834-7 10.1007/s11524-013-9834-7]

Kent S.L.; Carmichael J.T. (2014) "Racial Residential Segregation and Social Control: A Panel Study of the Variation in Police Strength Across U.S Cities, 1980 2010", American Journal of Criminal Justice, 39(2), pp. 228-249. Springer New York LLC. DOI: [htttp://doi.org/10.1007/s12103-013-9212-8 10.1007/s12103-013-9212-8]

Lutfi K.; Trepka M.J.; Fennie K.P.; Ibanez G.; Gladwin H. (2015) "Racial residential segregation and risky sexual behavior among non Hispanic blacks, 2006 2010", Social Science and Medicine, 140(), pp. 95-103. Elsevier Ltd. DOI: [htttp://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2015.07.004 10.1016/j.socscimed.2015.07.004]

Pinto-Coelho J.M.; Zuberi T. (2015) "Segregated Diversity", Sociology of Race and Ethnicity, 1(4), pp. 475-489. SAGE Publications Inc.. DOI: [htttp://doi.org/10.1177/2332649215581057 10.1177/2332649215581057]

Bower K.M.; Thorpe R.J., Jr.; Yenokyan G.; McGinty E.E.E.; Dubay L.; Gaskin D.J. (2015) "Racial Residential Segregation and Disparities in Obesity among Women", Journal of Urban Health, 92(5), pp. 843-852. Springer Science and Business Media Deutschland GmbH. DOI: [htttp://doi.org/10.1007/s11524-015-9974-z 10.1007/s11524-015-9974-z]

Wang Y. (2015) "Beyond preference: Modelling segregation under regulation", Computers, Environment and Urban Systems, 54(), pp. 388-396. Elsevier Ltd. DOI: [htttp://doi.org/10.1016/j.compenvurbsys.2013.09.003 10.1016/j.compenvurbsys.2013.09.003]

Hall M.; Crowder K.; Spring A. (2015) "Neighborhood Foreclosures, Racial/Ethnic Transitions, and Residential Segregation", American Sociological Review, 80(3), pp. 526-549. American Sociological Association. DOI: [htttp://doi.org/10.1177/0003122415581334 10.1177/0003122415581334]

Weaver R.; Bagchi-Sen S. (2015) "Racially polarized voting in a southern U.S. Election: How urbanization and residential segregation shape voting patterns", Review of Regional Studies, 45(1), pp. 15-34. E-Journal of Geotechnical Engineering. DOI: [htttp://doi.org/ ]

Samuel L.J.; Thorpe R.J., Jr; Bower K.M.; LaVeist T.A. (2015) "Community Characteristics are Associated with Blood Pressure Levels in a Racially Integrated Community", Journal of Urban Health, 92(3), pp. 403-414. Springer Science and Business Media Deutschland GmbH. DOI: [htttp://doi.org/10.1007/s11524-015-9936-5 10.1007/s11524-015-9936-5]

Bader M.D.M.; Krysan M. (2015) "Community Attraction and Avoidance in Chicago: What’s Race Got to Do with It?", Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 660(1), pp. 261-281. SAGE Publications Inc.. DOI: [htttp://doi.org/10.1177/0002716215577615 10.1177/0002716215577615]

Lichter D.T.; Parisi D.; Taquino M.C. (2015) "Toward a New Macro Segregation? Decomposing Segregation within and between Metropolitan Cities and Suburbs", American Sociological Review, 80(4), pp. 843-873. American Sociological Association. DOI: [htttp://doi.org/10.1177/0003122415588558 10.1177/0003122415588558]

Parisi D.; Lichter D.T.; Taquino M.C. (2015) "The buffering hypothesis: Growing diversity and declining black white segregation in America's cities, suburbs, and small towns?", Sociological Science, 2(), pp. 125-157. Society for Sociological Science. DOI: [htttp://doi.org/10.15195/v2.a8 10.15195/v2.a8]

Pinto-Coelho J.M.; Charles C.Z. (2015) "Residential Segregation in the United States", International Encyclopedia of the Social & Behavioral Sciences: Second Edition, 540-543. Elsevier Inc.. DOI: [htttp://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-08-097086-8.32131-6 10.1016/B978-0-08-097086-8.32131-6]

Ward M.R.M. (2015) "‘You Get a Reputation If You’re from the Valleys’: The Stigmatisation of Place in Young Working Class Men’s Lives", Genders and Sexualities in the Social Sciences, 89-103. Palgrave Macmillan. DOI: [htttp://doi.org/10.1057/9781137341464_7 10.1057/9781137341464_7]

Hamann C.; Horn A.C. (2015) "Continuity or Discontinuity? Evaluating the Changing Socio Spatial Structure of the City of Tshwane, South Africa", Urban Forum, 26(1), pp. 39-57. Kluwer Academic Publishers. DOI: [htttp://doi.org/10.1007/s12132-014-9231-7 10.1007/s12132-014-9231-7]

Parry K.; Van Eeden A. (2015) "Measuring racial residential segregation at different geographic scales in Cape Town and Johannesburg", South African Geographical Journal, 97(1), pp. 31-49. Routledge. DOI: [htttp://doi.org/10.1080/03736245.2014.924868 10.1080/03736245.2014.924868]

Glotzer P. (2016) "Real estate and the city: Considering the history of capitalism and urban history", Journal of Urban History, 42(2), pp. 438-445. SAGE Publications Inc.. DOI: [htttp://doi.org/10.1177/0096144215623478 10.1177/0096144215623478]

Ncube C.N.; Enquobahrie D.A.; Albert S.M.; Herrick A.L.; Burke J.G. (2016) "Association of neighborhood context with offspring risk of preterm birth and low birthweight: A systematic review and meta analysis of population based studies", Social Science and Medicine, 153(), pp. 156-164. Elsevier Ltd. DOI: [htttp://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2016.02.014 10.1016/j.socscimed.2016.02.014]

Logan J.R.; Bellman B. (2016) "Before The philadelphia negro: Residential segregation in a Nineteenth Century Northern City", Social Science History, 40(4), pp. 683-706. Cambridge University Press. DOI: [htttp://doi.org/10.1017/ssh.2016.27 10.1017/ssh.2016.27]

Dimitrova-Grajzl V.; Grajzl P.; Guse A.J.; Smith J.T. (2016) "Racial group affinity and religious giving: Evidence from congregation level panel data", B.E. Journal of Economic Analysis and Policy, 16(2), pp. 689-725. Walter de Gruyter GmbH. DOI: [htttp://doi.org/10.1515/bejeap-2015-0131 10.1515/bejeap-2015-0131]

Hernández D.; Jiang Y.; Carrión D.; Phillips D.; Aratani Y. (2016) "Housing hardship and energy insecurity among native born and immigrant low income families with children in the United States", Journal of Children and Poverty, 22(2), pp. 77-92. Routledge. DOI: [htttp://doi.org/10.1080/10796126.2016.1148672 10.1080/10796126.2016.1148672]

Moody H.A.; Darden J.T.; Pigozzi B.W. (2016) "The Relationship of Neighborhood Socioeconomic Differences and Racial Residential Segregation to Childhood Blood Lead Levels in Metropolitan Detroit", Journal of Urban Health, 93(5), pp. 820-839. Springer Science and Business Media Deutschland GmbH. DOI: [htttp://doi.org/10.1007/s11524-016-0071-8 10.1007/s11524-016-0071-8]

Sewell A.A. (2016) "The Racism Race Reification Process: A Mesolevel Political Economic Framework for Understanding Racial Health Disparities", Sociology of Race and Ethnicity, 2(4), pp. 402-432. SAGE Publications Inc.. DOI: [htttp://doi.org/10.1177/2332649215626936 10.1177/2332649215626936]

Sewell A.A. (2016) "The Racism Race Reification Process: A Mesolevel Political Economic Framework for Understanding Racial Health Disparities", Sociology of Race and Ethnicity, 2(4), pp. 402-432. SAGE Publications Inc.. DOI: [htttp://doi.org/10.1177/2332649215626936 10.1177/2332649215626936]

Meyerhoffer C.A. (2016) "“A Grain of Salt in a Pepper Shaker”: Interviewing Whites, Blacks, and Latinos about Their Neighborhood Preferences", Sociological Forum, 31(3), pp. 531-554. Blackwell Publishing Inc.. DOI: [htttp://doi.org/10.1111/socf.12263 10.1111/socf.12263]

Kim S.; Willis C.L.; Latterner K.; Lagrange R. (2016) "When Birds of a Feather Don't Flock Together: A Macrostructural Approach to Interracial Crime", Sociological Inquiry, 86(2), pp. 166-188. Blackwell Publishing Inc.. DOI: [htttp://doi.org/10.1111/soin.12104 10.1111/soin.12104]

Havekes E.; Bader M.; Krysan M. (2016) "Realizing Racial and Ethnic Neighborhood Preferences? Exploring the Mismatches Between What People Want, Where They Search, and Where They Live", Population Research and Policy Review, 35(1), pp. 101-126. Springer Netherlands. DOI: [htttp://doi.org/10.1007/s11113-015-9369-6 10.1007/s11113-015-9369-6]

Firebaugh G.; Farrell C.R. (2016) "Still Large, but Narrowing: The Sizable Decline in Racial Neighborhood Inequality in Metropolitan America, 1980 2010", Demography, 53(1), pp. 139-164. Springer Science and Business Media, LLC. DOI: [htttp://doi.org/10.1007/s13524-015-0447-5 10.1007/s13524-015-0447-5]

Crowder K.; Krysan M. (2016) "Moving Beyond the Big Three: A Call for New Approaches to Studying Racial Residential Segregation", City and Community, 15(1), pp. 18-22. Blackwell Publishing Ltd. DOI: [htttp://doi.org/10.1111/cico.12148 10.1111/cico.12148]

Anderson K.F. (2016) "Residential segregation and health outcomes in the United States: Moving beyond black and white", Population Review, 55(2), pp. 45-74. Sociological Demography Press. DOI: [htttp://doi.org/10.1353/prv.2016.0006 10.1353/prv.2016.0006]

Mehra R.; Boyd L.M.; Ickovics J.R. (2017) "Racial residential segregation and adverse birth outcomes: A systematic review and meta analysis", Social Science and Medicine, 191(), pp. 237-250. Elsevier Ltd. DOI: [htttp://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2017.09.018 10.1016/j.socscimed.2017.09.018]

Wong W.-C.; Lee J.Y.M.; Daud M.D.N.; Ng P.L. (2017) "Seller ethnicity and property characteristics: foreclosure sales in Malaysia", International Journal of Housing Markets and Analysis, 10(4), pp. 539-551. Emerald Group Holdings Ltd.. DOI: [htttp://doi.org/10.1108/IJHMA-01-2017-0002 10.1108/IJHMA-01-2017-0002]

Brawner B.M.; Reason J.L.; Hanlon K.; Guthrie B.; Schensul J.J. (2017) "Stakeholder conceptualisation of multi level HIV and AIDS determinants in a Black epicentre", Culture, Health and Sexuality, 19(9), pp. 948-963. Routledge. DOI: [htttp://doi.org/10.1080/13691058.2016.1274428 10.1080/13691058.2016.1274428]

Rhodes A.; Warkentien S. (2017) "Unwrapping the Suburban “Package Deal”: Race, Class, and School Access", American Educational Research Journal, 54(1_suppl), pp. 168S-189S. SAGE Publications Inc.. DOI: [htttp://doi.org/10.3102/0002831216634456 10.3102/0002831216634456]

Margerison-Zilko C.; Perez-Patron M.; Cubbin C.; Cubbin C. (2017) "Residential segregation, political representation, and preterm birth among U.S. and foreign born Black women in the U.S. 2008 2010", Health and Place, 46(), pp. 13-20. Elsevier Ltd. DOI: [htttp://doi.org/10.1016/j.healthplace.2017.04.005 10.1016/j.healthplace.2017.04.005]

Wagmiller R.L., Jr.; Gage-Bouchard E.; Karraker A. (2017) "Does Black Socioeconomic Mobility Explain Recent Progress Toward Black White Residential Integration?", Demography, 54(4), pp. 1251-1275. Springer Science and Business Media, LLC. DOI: [htttp://doi.org/10.1007/s13524-017-0593-z 10.1007/s13524-017-0593-z]

Anderson K.F. (2017) "Racial Residential Segregation and the Distribution of Health Related Organizations in Urban Neighborhoods", Social Problems, 64(2), pp. 256-276. Oxford University Press. DOI: [htttp://doi.org/10.1093/socpro/spw058 10.1093/socpro/spw058]

Pais J. (2017) "Intergenerational Neighborhood Attainment and the Legacy of Racial Residential Segregation: A Causal Mediation Analysis", Demography, 54(4), pp. 1221-1250. Springer Science and Business Media, LLC. DOI: [htttp://doi.org/10.1007/s13524-017-0597-8 10.1007/s13524-017-0597-8]

Shin E.J. (2017) "Ethnic neighborhoods, social networks, and inter household carpooling: A comparison across ethnic minority groups", Journal of Transport Geography, 59(), pp. 14-26. Elsevier Ltd. DOI: [htttp://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtrangeo.2017.01.002 10.1016/j.jtrangeo.2017.01.002]

Owens A. (2017) "Racial residential segregation of school age children and adults: The role of schooling as a segregating force", RSF, 3(2), pp. 63-80. Russell Sage Foundation. DOI: [htttp://doi.org/10.7758/rsf.2017.3.2.03 10.7758/rsf.2017.3.2.03]

Farley R. (2017) "Detroit: The emergence, decline, and possible revitalization of a great city", A Twenty-First Century Approach to Community Change: Partnering to Improve Life Outcomes for Youth and Families in Under-Served Neighborhoods, 19-43. Oxford University Press. DOI: [htttp://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190463311.003.0002 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190463311.003.0002]

Iceland J.; Hernandez E. (2017) "Understanding trends in concentrated poverty: 1980 2014", Social Science Research, 62(), pp. 75-95. Academic Press Inc.. DOI: [htttp://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssresearch.2016.09.001 10.1016/j.ssresearch.2016.09.001]

Anderson K.F. (2017) "Racial residential segregation and the distribution of auxiliary health care practitioners across urban space", Research in the Sociology of Health Care, 35(), pp. 145-167. Emerald Group Publishing Ltd.. DOI: [htttp://doi.org/10.1108/S0275-495920170000035008 10.1108/S0275-495920170000035008]

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Morales M.J.; Robert S.A. (2020) "Black white disparities in moves to assisted living and nursing homes among older medicare beneficiaries", Journals of Gerontology - Series B Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences, 75(9), pp. 1972-1982. Gerontological Society of America. DOI: [htttp://doi.org/10.1093/geronb/gbz141 10.1093/geronb/gbz141]

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Nation M.; Christens B.D.; Bess K.D.; Shinn M.; Perkins D.D.; Speer P.W. (2020) "Addressing the problems of urban education: An ecological systems perspective", Journal of Urban Affairs, 42(5), pp. 715-730. Taylor and Francis Ltd.. DOI: [htttp://doi.org/10.1080/07352166.2019.1705847 10.1080/07352166.2019.1705847]

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Gabriel A.C.; Bell C.N.; Bowie J.V.; LaVeist T.A.; Thorpe R.J., Jr (2020) "The Role of Social Support in Moderating the Relationship between Race and Hypertension in a Low Income, Urban, Racially Integrated Community", Journal of Urban Health, 97(2), pp. 250-259. Springer. DOI: [htttp://doi.org/10.1007/s11524-020-00421-1 10.1007/s11524-020-00421-1]

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Sampson R.J.; Levy B.L. (2020) "Beyond Residential Segregation: Mobility Based Connectedness and Rates of Violence in Large Cities", Race and Social Problems, 12(1), pp. 77-86. Springer. DOI: [htttp://doi.org/10.1007/s12552-019-09273-0 10.1007/s12552-019-09273-0]

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Bento A. (2021) "When and Where Residential Racial Segregation Matters for the Black Self employment Rate", Review of Black Political Economy, 48(4), pp. 455-480. SAGE Publications Inc.. DOI: [htttp://doi.org/10.1177/00346446211013557 10.1177/00346446211013557]

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Krivo L.J.; Lyons C.J.; Vélez M.B. (2021) "The U.S. Racial Structure and Ethno Racial Inequality in Urban Neighborhood Crime, 2010 2013", Sociology of Race and Ethnicity, 7(3), pp. 350-368. SAGE Publications Inc.. DOI: [htttp://doi.org/10.1177/2332649220948551 10.1177/2332649220948551]

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Ibekwe L.N.; Fernández-Esquer M.E.; Pruitt S.L.; Ranjit N.; Fernández M.E. (2022) "Associations between perceived racial discrimination, racial residential segregation, and cancer screening adherence among low income African Americans: a multilevel, cross sectional analysis", Ethnicity and Health, -. Routledge. DOI: [htttp://doi.org/10.1080/13557858.2022.2043246 10.1080/13557858.2022.2043246]

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Brawner B.M.; Kerr J.; Castle B.F.; Bannon J.A.; Bonett S.; Stevens R.; James R.; Bowleg L. (2022) "A Systematic Review of Neighborhood Level Influences on HIV Vulnerability", AIDS and Behavior, 26(3), pp. 874-934. Springer. DOI: [htttp://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-021-03448-w 10.1007/s10461-021-03448-w]

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Planey A.M.; Grady S.C.; Fetaw R.; McLafferty S.L. (2022) "Spaces of Segregation and Health: Complex Associations for Black Immigrant and US Born Mothers in New York City", Journal of Urban Health, 99(3), pp. 469-481. Springer. DOI: [htttp://doi.org/10.1007/s11524-022-00634-6 10.1007/s11524-022-00634-6]

Farley R. (2022) "Chocolate city, vanilla suburbs revisited", Du Bois Review, 19(1), pp. -. Cambridge University Press. DOI: [htttp://doi.org/10.1017/S1742058X21000266 10.1017/S1742058X21000266]

Li M.; Yuan F. (2022) "Historical Redlining and Resident Exposure to COVID 19: A Study of New York City", Race and Social Problems, 14(2), pp. 85-100. Springer. DOI: [htttp://doi.org/10.1007/s12552-021-09338-z 10.1007/s12552-021-09338-z]

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Kephart L. (2022) "How Racial Residential Segregation Structures Access and Exposure to Greenness and Green Space: A Review", Environmental Justice, 15(4), pp. 204-213. Mary Ann Liebert Inc.. DOI: [htttp://doi.org/10.1089/env.2021.0039 10.1089/env.2021.0039]

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Dove-Medows E.; Misra D.P.; Benkert R.; Giurgescu C. (2022) "A Qualitative Approach to the Dimensions of Segregation among Pregnant Black Women", Journal of Urban Health, 99(4), pp. 692-700. Springer. DOI: [htttp://doi.org/10.1007/s11524-022-00661-3 10.1007/s11524-022-00661-3]

Moody H.; Easley L.E.; Sissen M. (2022) "Water Shutoffs During COVID 19 and Black Lives: Case Study Detroit", Environmental Justice, 15(5), pp. 313-318. Mary Ann Liebert Inc.. DOI: [htttp://doi.org/10.1089/env.2020.0064 10.1089/env.2020.0064]

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Eichenbaum A.; Tate A.D. (2022) "Health Inequity in Georgia During the COVID 19 Pandemic: An Ecological Analysis Assessing the Relationship Between County Level Racial/Ethnic and Economic Polarization Using the ICE and SARS CoV 2 Cases, Hospitalizations, and Deaths in Georgia as of October 2020", Health Equity, 6(1), pp. 230-239. Mary Ann Liebert Inc.. DOI: [htttp://doi.org/10.1089/heq.2021.0118 10.1089/heq.2021.0118]

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Morrell E.; Blackwell D. (2022) "Spatialized Intersectionality: Gendered and Racialized Residential Segregation and the Milwaukee Lead Crisis", Environmental Justice, 15(1), pp. 31-38. Mary Ann Liebert Inc.. DOI: [htttp://doi.org/10.1089/env.2021.0015 10.1089/env.2021.0015]

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Kong A.Y.; Herbert L.; Feldman J.M.; Trangenstein P.J.; Fakunle D.O.; Lee J.G.L. (2022) "Tobacco and Alcohol Retailer Availability and Neighborhood Racialized, Economic, and Racialized Economic Segregation in North Carolina", Journal of Racial and Ethnic Health Disparities, -. Springer Science and Business Media Deutschland GmbH. DOI: [htttp://doi.org/10.1007/s40615-022-01463-8 10.1007/s40615-022-01463-8]

Hwang J.; McDaniel T.W. (2022) "Racialized Reshuffling: Urban Change and the Persistence of Segregation in the Twenty First Century", Annual Review of Sociology, 48(), pp. -. Annual Reviews Inc.. DOI: [htttp://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-soc-030420-014126 10.1146/annurev-soc-030420-014126]

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