Income segregation

Date and country of first publication

1984
United States

Definition

At its current state, this definition has been generated by a Large Language Model (LLM) so far without review by an independent researcher or a member of the curating team of segregation experts that keep the Segregation Wiki online. While we strive for accuracy, we cannot guarantee its reliability, completeness and timeliness. Please use this content with caution and verify information as needed. Also, feel free to improve on the definition as you see fit, including the use of references and other informational resources. We value your input in enhancing the quality and accuracy of the definitions of segregation forms collectively offered in the Segregation Wiki ©.

Income segregation refers to the division of communities or neighborhoods based on income levels. This can manifest in various ways, such as gated communities for higher income households, or low-income housing projects that isolate lower-income individuals from the rest of the community. Income segregation can have negative consequences, such as limiting opportunities for social mobility and exacerbating income inequality. It can also lead to social isolation and perpetuate stereotypes and misconceptions about people of different income levels. Efforts to address income segregation may involve policies aimed at promoting mixed-income housing developments, improving access to affordable housing, and increasing economic opportunities for all residents.

Further reading

Stahura J.M. (1984) "A research note on the metropolitan determinants of suburban persistence", Social Forces, 62(3), pp. 767-774. . DOI: [htttp://doi.org/10.1093/sf/62.3.767 10.1093/sf/62.3.767]

Coulibaly M. (1993) "Racial and Income Segregation in Low Income Housing: 1934 1992", Review of Radical Political Economics, 25(3), pp. 104-112. . DOI: [htttp://doi.org/10.1177/048661349302500313 10.1177/048661349302500313]

Massey D.S.; Eggers M.L. (1993) "The spatial concentration of affluence and poverty during the 1970s", Urban Affairs Review, 29(2), pp. 299-315. . DOI: [htttp://doi.org/10.1177/004208169302900206 10.1177/004208169302900206]

Abramson A.J.; Tobin M.S.; VanderGoot M.R. (1995) "The Changing Geography of Metropolitan Opportunity: The Segregation of the Poor in U.S. Metropolitan Areas, 1970 to 1990", Housing Policy Debate, 6(1), pp. 45-72. . DOI: [htttp://doi.org/10.1080/10511482.1995.9521181 10.1080/10511482.1995.9521181]

Van Kempen R.; Priemus H. (1999) "Undivided cities in the Netherlands: Present situation and political rhetoric", Housing Studies, 14(5), pp. 641-657. Carfax Publishing Company. DOI: [htttp://doi.org/10.1080/02673039982650 10.1080/02673039982650]

Fong E.; Shibuya K. (2000) "The spatial separation of the poor in Canadian cities", Demography, 37(4), pp. 449-459. Duke University Press. DOI: [htttp://doi.org/10.2307/2648071 10.2307/2648071]

Ross N.A.; Nobrega K.; Dunn J. (2001) "Income segregation, income inequality and mortality in North American metropolitan areas", GeoJournal, 53(2), pp. 117-124. . DOI: [htttp://doi.org/10.1023/A:1015720518936 10.1023/A:1015720518936]

Nechyba T. (2003) "School finance, spatial income segregation, and the nature of communities", Journal of Urban Economics, 54(1), pp. 61-88. Academic Press Inc.. DOI: [htttp://doi.org/10.1016/S0094-1190(03)00041-X 10.1016/S0094-1190(03)00041-X]

Pendall R.; Carruthers J.I. (2003) "Does density exacerbate income segregation? Evidence from U.S. Metropolitan Areas, 1980 to 2000", Housing Policy Debate, 14(4), pp. 541-589. Routledge. DOI: [htttp://doi.org/10.1080/10511482.2003.9521487 10.1080/10511482.2003.9521487]

Fischer M.J. (2003) "The relative importance of income and race in determining residential outcomes in U.S. urban areas, 1970 2000", Urban Affairs Review, 38(5), pp. 669-696. . DOI: [htttp://doi.org/10.1177/1078087403038005003 10.1177/1078087403038005003]

Ross N.A.; Houle C.; Dunn J.R.; Aye M. (2004) "Dimensions and dynamics of residential segregation by income in urban Canada, 1991 1996", Canadian Geographer, 48(4), pp. 433-445. . DOI: [htttp://doi.org/10.1111/j.0008-3658.2004.00069.x 10.1111/j.0008-3658.2004.00069.x]

Pendall R. (2005) "Does density exacerbate income segregation? Evidence from U.S. Metropolitan areas, 1980 1990", Desegregating The City: Ghettos, Enclaves, and Inequality, 175-199. State University of New York Press. DOI: [htttp://doi.org/ ]

Burgess S.; Wilson D. (2005) "Ethnic segregation in England's schools", Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers, 30(1), pp. 20-36. . DOI: [htttp://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-5661.2005.00149.x 10.1111/j.1475-5661.2005.00149.x]

Varady D.P. (2005) "Desegregating the city: Ghettos, enclaves, and inequality", Desegregating the City: Ghettos, Enclaves, and Inequality, 1-310. State University of New York Press. DOI: [htttp://doi.org/ ]

Schmidheiny K. (2006) "Income segregation from local income taxation when households differ in both preferences and incomes", Regional Science and Urban Economics, 36(2), pp. 270-299. . DOI: [htttp://doi.org/10.1016/j.regsciurbeco.2005.10.003 10.1016/j.regsciurbeco.2005.10.003]

Schmidheiny K. (2006) "Income segregation and local progressive taxation: Empirical evidence from Switzerland", Journal of Public Economics, 90(3), pp. 429-458. . DOI: [htttp://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpubeco.2005.09.003 10.1016/j.jpubeco.2005.09.003]

Schmidheiny K. (2006) "Income segregation and local progressive taxation: Empirical evidence from Switzerland", Journal of Public Economics, 90(3), pp. 429-458. . DOI: [htttp://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpubeco.2005.09.003 10.1016/j.jpubeco.2005.09.003]

Hodler R.; Schmidheiny K. (2006) "How fiscal decentralization flattens progressive taxes", FinanzArchiv, 62(2), pp. 281-304. . DOI: [htttp://doi.org/10.1628/001522106X120695 10.1628/001522106X120695]

Reardon S.F.; Yun J.T.; Kurlaender M. (2006) "Implications of income based school assignment policies for racial school segregation", Educational Evaluation and Policy Analysis, 28(1), pp. 49-75. . DOI: [htttp://doi.org/10.3102/01623737028001049 10.3102/01623737028001049]

Dawkins C.J. (2007) "Space and the measurement of income segregation", Journal of Regional Science, 47(2), pp. 255-272. Blackwell Publishing Inc.. DOI: [htttp://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9787.2007.00508.x 10.1111/j.1467-9787.2007.00508.x]

Galbraith J.K.; Hale J.T. (2008) "State income inequality and presidential election turnout and outcomes", Social Science Quarterly, 89(4), pp. 887-901. . DOI: [htttp://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6237.2008.00589.x 10.1111/j.1540-6237.2008.00589.x]

Oreopoulos P. (2008) "Neighbourhood effects in Canada: A critique", Canadian Public Policy, 34(2), pp. 237-258. . DOI: [htttp://doi.org/10.3138/cpp.34.2.237 10.3138/cpp.34.2.237]

Wood G.; Berry M.; Taylor E.; Nygaard C. (2008) "Community mix, affordable housing and metropolitan planning strategy in Melbourne", Built Environment, 34(3), pp. 273-290. . DOI: [htttp://doi.org/10.2148/benv.34.3.273 10.2148/benv.34.3.273]

Watson T. (2009) "Inequality and the measurement of residential segregation by income in american neighborhoods", Review of Income and Wealth, 55(3), pp. 820-844. . DOI: [htttp://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-4991.2009.00346.x 10.1111/j.1475-4991.2009.00346.x]

Watson T. (2009) "Inequality and the measurement of residential segregation by income in american neighborhoods", Review of Income and Wealth, 55(3), pp. 820-844. . DOI: [htttp://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-4991.2009.00346.x 10.1111/j.1475-4991.2009.00346.x]

Dawkins C.J. (2009) "Exploring changes in the spatial pattern of income segregation during the 1990s", Research on Economic Inequality, 17(), pp. 159-170. . DOI: [htttp://doi.org/10.1108/S1049-2585(2009)0000017012 10.1108/S1049-2585(2009)0000017012]

Freeman L. (2009) "Neighbourhood diversity, metropolitan segregation and gentrification: What are the links in the US?", Urban Studies, 46(10), pp. 2079-2101. . DOI: [htttp://doi.org/10.1177/0042098009339426 10.1177/0042098009339426]

Downes T. (2009) "School Finance Reform", International Encyclopedia of Education, Third Edition, 216-221. Elsevier. DOI: [htttp://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-08-044894-7.01242-2 10.1016/B978-0-08-044894-7.01242-2]

Downes T. (2010) "School finance reform", International Encyclopedia of Education, 216-221. Elsevier Ltd. DOI: [htttp://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-08-044894-7.01242-2 10.1016/B978-0-08-044894-7.01242-2]

Rothwell J.T.; Massey D.S. (2010) "Density zoning and class segregation in U.S. metropolitan areas", Social Science Quarterly, 91(5), pp. 1123-1143. . DOI: [htttp://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6237.2010.00724.x 10.1111/j.1540-6237.2010.00724.x]

Wu J. (2010) "Economic fundamentals and urban suburban disparities", Journal of Regional Science, 50(2), pp. 570-591. . DOI: [htttp://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9787.2010.00665.x 10.1111/j.1467-9787.2010.00665.x]

Schaltegger C.A.; Somogyi F.; Sturm J.-E. (2011) "Tax competition and income sorting: Evidence from the Zurich metropolitan area", European Journal of Political Economy, 27(3), pp. 455-470. . DOI: [htttp://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejpoleco.2011.01.004 10.1016/j.ejpoleco.2011.01.004]

Finney M.M.; Goetzke F.; Yoon M.J. (2011) "Income sorting and the demand for clean air: Evidence from southern California", Land Economics, 87(1), pp. 19-27. University of Wisconsin Press. DOI: [htttp://doi.org/10.3368/le.87.1.19 10.3368/le.87.1.19]

Rey S.J.; Folch D.C. (2011) "Impact of spatial effects on income segregation indices", Computers, Environment and Urban Systems, 35(6), pp. 431-441. . DOI: [htttp://doi.org/10.1016/j.compenvurbsys.2011.07.008 10.1016/j.compenvurbsys.2011.07.008]

Reardon S.F.; Bischoff K. (2011) "Income inequality and income segregation", American Journal of Sociology, 116(4), pp. 1092-1153. . DOI: [htttp://doi.org/10.1086/657114 10.1086/657114]

Bayer P.; McMillan R. (2012) "Tiebout sorting and neighborhood stratification", Journal of Public Economics, 96(11-12), pp. 1129-1143. Elsevier B.V.. DOI: [htttp://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpubeco.2012.02.006 10.1016/j.jpubeco.2012.02.006]

Quillian L. (2012) "Segregation and Poverty Concentration: The Role of Three Segregations", American Sociological Review, 77(3), pp. 354-379. . DOI: [htttp://doi.org/10.1177/0003122412447793 10.1177/0003122412447793]

Gauvin L.; Vignes A.; Nadal J.-P. (2013) "Modeling urban housing market dynamics: Can the socio spatial segregation preserve some social diversity?", Journal of Economic Dynamics and Control, 37(7), pp. 1300-1321. . DOI: [htttp://doi.org/10.1016/j.jedc.2013.03.001 10.1016/j.jedc.2013.03.001]

Gauvin L.; Vignes A.; Nadal J.-P. (2013) "Modeling urban housing market dynamics: Can the socio spatial segregation preserve some social diversity?", Journal of Economic Dynamics and Control, 37(7), pp. 1300-1321. . DOI: [htttp://doi.org/10.1016/j.jedc.2013.03.001 10.1016/j.jedc.2013.03.001]

Meltzer R. (2013) "Do Homeowners Associations Affect Citywide Segregation? Evidence From Florida Municipalities", Housing Policy Debate, 23(4), pp. 688-713. . DOI: [htttp://doi.org/10.1080/10511482.2013.812571 10.1080/10511482.2013.812571]

Enström Öst C.; Söderberg B.; Wilhelmsson M. (2014) "Household allocation and spatial distribution in a market under ("soft") rent control", Journal of Policy Modeling, 36(2), pp. 353-372. Elsevier. DOI: [htttp://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpolmod.2014.01.002 10.1016/j.jpolmod.2014.01.002]

Walks A. (2014) "From Financialization to Sociospatial Polarization of the City? Evidence from Canada", Economic Geography, 90(1), pp. 33-66. . DOI: [htttp://doi.org/10.1111/ecge.12024 10.1111/ecge.12024]

De Fraja G.; Martínez-Mora F. (2014) "The desegregating effect of school tracking", Journal of Urban Economics, 80(), pp. 164-177. . DOI: [htttp://doi.org/10.1016/j.jue.2014.01.001 10.1016/j.jue.2014.01.001]

De Fraja G.; Martínez-Mora F. (2014) "The desegregating effect of school tracking", Journal of Urban Economics, 80(), pp. 164-177. . DOI: [htttp://doi.org/10.1016/j.jue.2014.01.001 10.1016/j.jue.2014.01.001]

Modai-Snir T.; Plaut P.O. (2015) "Intra metropolitan residential mobility and income sorting trends", Letters in Spatial and Resource Sciences, 8(3), pp. 291-305. Springer Verlag. DOI: [htttp://doi.org/10.1007/s12076-014-0133-z 10.1007/s12076-014-0133-z]

Musterd S.; Van Gent W. (2015) "Changing welfare context and income segregation in Amsterdam and its metropolitan area", Socio-Economic Segregation in European Capital Cities: East Meets West, 55-79. Taylor and Francis Inc.. DOI: [htttp://doi.org/ ]

Owens A. (2015) "Assisted Housing and Income Segregation among Neighborhoods in U.S. Metropolitan Areas", Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 660(1), pp. 98-116. SAGE Publications Inc.. DOI: [htttp://doi.org/10.1177/0002716215576106 10.1177/0002716215576106]

Yang Y.; Auchincloss A.H.; Rodriguez D.A.; Brown D.G.; Riolo R.; Diez-Roux A.V. (2015) "Modeling spatial segregation and travel cost influences on utilitarian walking: Towards policy intervention", Computers, Environment and Urban Systems, 51(), pp. 59-69. Elsevier Ltd. DOI: [htttp://doi.org/10.1016/j.compenvurbsys.2015.01.007 10.1016/j.compenvurbsys.2015.01.007]

Williamson P. (2016) "Small Area Incomes: Their Spatial Variability and the Relative Efficacy of Proxy, Geodemographic, Imputed and Model Based Estimates", Applied Spatial Analysis and Policy, 9(4), pp. 463-489. Springer Netherlands. DOI: [htttp://doi.org/10.1007/s12061-015-9163-1 10.1007/s12061-015-9163-1]

Andersson R.; Hedman L. (2016) "Economic decline and residential segregation: a Swedish study with focus on Malmö", Urban Geography, 37(5), pp. 748-768. Routledge. DOI: [htttp://doi.org/10.1080/02723638.2015.1133993 10.1080/02723638.2015.1133993]

Owens A.; Reardon S.F.; Jencks C. (2016) "Income Segregation Between Schools and School Districts", American Educational Research Journal, 53(4), pp. 1159-1197. SAGE Publications Inc.. DOI: [htttp://doi.org/10.3102/0002831216652722 10.3102/0002831216652722]

Owens A.; Reardon S.F.; Jencks C. (2016) "Income Segregation Between Schools and School Districts", American Educational Research Journal, 53(4), pp. 1159-1197. SAGE Publications Inc.. DOI: [htttp://doi.org/10.3102/0002831216652722 10.3102/0002831216652722]

Quillian L.; Lagrange H. (2016) "Socioeconomic Segregation in Large Cities in France and the United States", Demography, 53(4), pp. 1051-1084. Springer Science and Business Media, LLC. DOI: [htttp://doi.org/10.1007/s13524-016-0491-9 10.1007/s13524-016-0491-9]

Agostini C.A.; Hojman D.; Román A.; Valenzuela L. (2016) "Income residential segregation in Greater Santiago, 1992 2002: A robust estimation; [Segregación residencial de ingresos en el Gran Santiago, 1992 2002: Una estimación robusta]", Eure, 42(127), pp. 159-184. Revista de Geografia Norte Grande. DOI: [htttp://doi.org/10.4067/S0250-71612016000300007 10.4067/S0250-71612016000300007]

Owens A. (2016) "Inequality in Children’s Contexts: Income Segregation of Households with and without Children", American Sociological Review, 81(3), pp. 549-574. American Sociological Association. DOI: [htttp://doi.org/10.1177/0003122416642430 10.1177/0003122416642430]

Ruiz-Rivera N.; Suárez M.; Delgado-Campos J. (2016) "Urban segregation and local retail environments. Evidence from Mexico City", Habitat International, 54(), pp. 58-64. Elsevier Ltd. DOI: [htttp://doi.org/10.1016/j.habitatint.2014.09.001 10.1016/j.habitatint.2014.09.001]

Wilson W.J. (2016) "Black youths, joblessness, and the other side of ‘Black Lives Matter’", Ethnic and Racial Studies, 39(8), pp. 1450-1457. Routledge. DOI: [htttp://doi.org/10.1080/01419870.2016.1153689 10.1080/01419870.2016.1153689]

Lens M.C.; Monkkonen P. (2016) "Do Strict Land Use Regulations Make Metropolitan Areas More Segregated by Income?", Journal of the American Planning Association, 82(1), pp. 6-21. Routledge. DOI: [htttp://doi.org/10.1080/01944363.2015.1111163 10.1080/01944363.2015.1111163]

Lens M.C.; Monkkonen P. (2016) "Do Strict Land Use Regulations Make Metropolitan Areas More Segregated by Income?", Journal of the American Planning Association, 82(1), pp. 6-21. Routledge. DOI: [htttp://doi.org/10.1080/01944363.2015.1111163 10.1080/01944363.2015.1111163]

Johnson O.C.A. (2016) "Inclusion, exclusion, and the “new” economic inequality", Texas Law Review, 94(7), pp. 1647-1665. School of Law Publications. DOI: [htttp://doi.org/ ]

Saporito S. (2017) "Shaping Income Segregation in Schools: The Role of School Attendance Zone Geography", American Educational Research Journal, 54(6), pp. 1345-1377. SAGE Publications Inc.. DOI: [htttp://doi.org/10.3102/0002831217724116 10.3102/0002831217724116]

Saporito S. (2017) "Shaping Income Segregation in Schools: The Role of School Attendance Zone Geography", American Educational Research Journal, 54(6), pp. 1345-1377. SAGE Publications Inc.. DOI: [htttp://doi.org/10.3102/0002831217724116 10.3102/0002831217724116]

Wolfson M.; Gribble S.; Beall R. (2017) "Exploring Contingent Inequalities: Building the Theoretical Health Inequality Model", Springer Series on Demographic Methods and Population Analysis, 41(), pp. 487-513. Springer Science and Business Media B.V.. DOI: [htttp://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-32283-4_17 10.1007/978-3-319-32283-4_17]

Iceland J.; Hernandez E. (2017) "Understanding trends in concentrated poverty: 1980 2014", Social Science Research, 62(), pp. 75-95. Academic Press Inc.. DOI: [htttp://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssresearch.2016.09.001 10.1016/j.ssresearch.2016.09.001]

Larson S.J. (2018) "Examining the Efficacy of Title VI Social Equity Analysis: A Comparative Case Study of Transit Access and Neighborhood Segregation Outcomes Over Time", Public Integrity, 20(4), pp. 344-357. Taylor and Francis Ltd.. DOI: [htttp://doi.org/10.1080/10999922.2018.1441595 10.1080/10999922.2018.1441595]

Garcia-López M.-À.; Moreno-Monroy A.I. (2018) "Income segregation in monocentric and polycentric cities: Does urban form really matter?", Regional Science and Urban Economics, 71(), pp. 62-79. Elsevier B.V.. DOI: [htttp://doi.org/10.1016/j.regsciurbeco.2018.05.003 10.1016/j.regsciurbeco.2018.05.003]

Heilmann K. (2018) "Transit access and neighborhood segregation. Evidence from the Dallas light rail system", Regional Science and Urban Economics, 73(), pp. 237-250. Elsevier B.V.. DOI: [htttp://doi.org/10.1016/j.regsciurbeco.2018.10.007 10.1016/j.regsciurbeco.2018.10.007]

Bond T.N.; Salisbury L. (2018) "Local Information, Income Segregation, and Geographic Mobility", B.E. Journal of Economic Analysis and Policy, 18(3), pp. -. De Gruyter. DOI: [htttp://doi.org/10.1515/bejeap-2017-0314 10.1515/bejeap-2017-0314]

Reardon S.F.; Bischoff K.; Owens A.; Townsend J.B. (2018) "Has Income Segregation Really Increased? Bias and Bias Correction in Sample Based Segregation Estimates", Demography, 55(6), pp. 2129-2160. Springer Science and Business Media, LLC. DOI: [htttp://doi.org/10.1007/s13524-018-0721-4 10.1007/s13524-018-0721-4]

Bélec J.; Harris R.; Rose G. (2018) "The Federal Impact on Early Postwar Suburbanization", Housing Policy Debate, 28(6), pp. 854-875. Routledge. DOI: [htttp://doi.org/10.1080/10511482.2018.1474124 10.1080/10511482.2018.1474124]

Logan J.R.; Foster A.; Ke J.; Li F. (2018) "The uptick in income segregation: Real trend or random sampling variation?", American Journal of Sociology, 124(1), pp. 185-222. University of Chicago Press. DOI: [htttp://doi.org/10.1086/697528 10.1086/697528]

Reardon S.F.; Bischoff K. (2018) "Income Inequality and Income Segregation", Social Stratification: Class, Race, and Gender in Sociological Perspective, 1023-1034. Taylor and Francis. DOI: [htttp://doi.org/10.4324/9780429494642-123 10.4324/9780429494642-123]

Reardon S.F.; Bischoff K. (2018) "Income Inequality and Income Segregation", Inequality in the 21st Century: A Reader, 426-435. Taylor and Francis. DOI: [htttp://doi.org/10.4324/9780429499821-73 10.4324/9780429499821-73]

Reardon S.F.; Bischoff K. (2018) "Income Inequality and Income Segregation", Inequality in the 21st Century: A Reader, 426-435. Taylor and Francis. DOI: [htttp://doi.org/10.4324/9780429499821-73 10.4324/9780429499821-73]

Owens A. (2018) "Income Segregation between School Districts and Inequality in Students’ Achievement", Sociology of Education, 91(1), pp. 1-27. SAGE Publications Inc.. DOI: [htttp://doi.org/10.1177/0038040717741180 10.1177/0038040717741180]

Li M.; Johnson S.B.; Newman S.; Riley A.W. (2019) "Residential mobility and long term exposure to neighborhood poverty among children born in poor families: A U.S. longitudinal cohort study", Social Science and Medicine, 226(), pp. 69-76. Elsevier Ltd. DOI: [htttp://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2019.02.042 10.1016/j.socscimed.2019.02.042]

Pangallo M.; Nadal J.-P.; Vignes A. (2019) "Residential income segregation: A behavioral model of the housing market", Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization, 159(), pp. 15-35. Elsevier B.V.. DOI: [htttp://doi.org/10.1016/j.jebo.2019.01.010 10.1016/j.jebo.2019.01.010]

Pangallo M.; Nadal J.-P.; Vignes A. (2019) "Residential income segregation: A behavioral model of the housing market", Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization, 159(), pp. 15-35. Elsevier B.V.. DOI: [htttp://doi.org/10.1016/j.jebo.2019.01.010 10.1016/j.jebo.2019.01.010]

Jang H.; Reardon S.F. (2019) "States as Sites of Educational (In)Equality: State Contexts and the Socioeconomic Achievement Gradient", AERA Open, 5(3), pp. -. SAGE Publications Inc.. DOI: [htttp://doi.org/10.1177/2332858419872459 10.1177/2332858419872459]

Taylor K.; Anderson J.; Frankenberg E. (2019) "School and Residential Segregation in School Districts with Voluntary Integration Policies", Peabody Journal of Education, 94(4), pp. 371-387. Routledge. DOI: [htttp://doi.org/10.1080/0161956X.2019.1648950 10.1080/0161956X.2019.1648950]

Bischoff K.; Owens A. (2019) "The Segregation of Opportunity: Social and Financial Resources in the Educational Contexts of Lower and Higher Income Children, 1990 2014", Demography, 56(5), pp. 1635-1664. Springer Science and Business Media, LLC. DOI: [htttp://doi.org/10.1007/s13524-019-00817-y 10.1007/s13524-019-00817-y]

Galster G.; Turner L.M. (2019) "Status Aversion, Attraction and Discrepancy as Drivers of Neighborhood Selection", City and Community, 18(3), pp. 937-964. Blackwell Publishing Ltd. DOI: [htttp://doi.org/10.1111/cico.12435 10.1111/cico.12435]

Galster G.; Turner L.M. (2019) "Status Aversion, Attraction and Discrepancy as Drivers of Neighborhood Selection", City and Community, 18(3), pp. 937-964. Blackwell Publishing Ltd. DOI: [htttp://doi.org/10.1111/cico.12435 10.1111/cico.12435]

Pearman F.A., II (2019) "The Effect of Neighborhood Poverty on Math Achievement: Evidence From a Value Added Design", Education and Urban Society, 51(2), pp. 289-307. SAGE Publications Inc.. DOI: [htttp://doi.org/10.1177/0013124517715066 10.1177/0013124517715066]

Christafore D.; Leguizamon S. (2019) "Neighbourhood inequality spillover effects of gentrification", Papers in Regional Science, 98(3), pp. 1469-1484. Blackwell Publishing Ltd. DOI: [htttp://doi.org/10.1111/pirs.12405 10.1111/pirs.12405]

Guo C.; Buchmann C.M.; Schwarz N. (2019) "Linking urban sprawl and income segregation Findings from a stylized agent based model", Environment and Planning B: Urban Analytics and City Science, 46(3), pp. 469-489. SAGE Publications Ltd. DOI: [htttp://doi.org/10.1177/2399808317719072 10.1177/2399808317719072]

Owens A. (2019) "Building Inequality: Housing Segregation and Income Segregation", Sociological Science, 6(), pp. -. Society for Sociological Science. DOI: [htttp://doi.org/10.15195/v6.a19 10.15195/v6.a19]

Yavaş M. (2019) "Dissecting income segregation: Impacts of concentrated affluence on segregation of poverty", Journal of Mathematical Sociology, 43(1), pp. 1-22. Routledge. DOI: [htttp://doi.org/10.1080/0022250X.2018.1476858 10.1080/0022250X.2018.1476858]

Sampson R.J. (2019) "Neighbourhood effects and beyond: Explaining the paradoxes of inequality in the changing American metropolis", Urban Studies, 56(1), pp. 3-32. SAGE Publications Ltd. DOI: [htttp://doi.org/10.1177/0042098018795363 10.1177/0042098018795363]

Neuman S.B.; Moland N. (2019) "Book Deserts: The Consequences of Income Segregation on Children’s Access to Print", Urban Education, 54(1), pp. 126-147. SAGE Publications Inc.. DOI: [htttp://doi.org/10.1177/0042085916654525 10.1177/0042085916654525]

Wichowsky A. (2019) "Civic Life in the Divided Metropolis: Social Capital, Collective Action, and Residential Income Segregation", Urban Affairs Review, 55(1), pp. 257-287. SAGE Publications Inc.. DOI: [htttp://doi.org/10.1177/1078087416688097 10.1177/1078087416688097]

Lasso de la Vega C.; Volij O. (2020) "THE MEASUREMENT OF INCOME SEGREGATION", International Economic Review, 61(4), pp. 1479-1500. Blackwell Publishing Inc.. DOI: [htttp://doi.org/10.1111/iere.12466 10.1111/iere.12466]

Chetty R.; Friedman J.N.; Saez E.; Turner N.; Yagan D. (2020) "Income Segregation and Intergenerational Mobility across Colleges in the United States", Quarterly Journal of Economics, 135(3), pp. 1567-1633. Oxford University Press. DOI: [htttp://doi.org/10.1093/qje/qjaa005 10.1093/qje/qjaa005]

Nilsson I.; Delmelle E.C. (2020) "On the link between rail transit and spatial income segregation", Applied Geography, 125(), pp. -. Elsevier Ltd. DOI: [htttp://doi.org/10.1016/j.apgeog.2020.102364 10.1016/j.apgeog.2020.102364]

Nilsson I.; Delmelle E.C. (2020) "On the link between rail transit and spatial income segregation", Applied Geography, 125(), pp. -. Elsevier Ltd. DOI: [htttp://doi.org/10.1016/j.apgeog.2020.102364 10.1016/j.apgeog.2020.102364]

Nilsson I.; Delmelle E.C. (2020) "On the link between rail transit and spatial income segregation", Applied Geography, 125(), pp. -. Elsevier Ltd. DOI: [htttp://doi.org/10.1016/j.apgeog.2020.102364 10.1016/j.apgeog.2020.102364]

Estep K.; Greenberg P. (2020) "Opting Out: Individualism and Vaccine Refusal in Pockets of Socioeconomic Homogeneity", American Sociological Review, 85(6), pp. 957-991. SAGE Publications Ltd. DOI: [htttp://doi.org/10.1177/0003122420960691 10.1177/0003122420960691]

Logan J.R.; Foster A.; Xu H.; Zhang W. (2020) "Income Segregation: Up or Down, and for Whom?", Demography, 57(5), pp. 1951-1974. Springer. DOI: [htttp://doi.org/10.1007/s13524-020-00917-0 10.1007/s13524-020-00917-0]

Logan J.R.; Foster A.; Xu H.; Zhang W. (2020) "Income Segregation: Up or Down, and for Whom?", Demography, 57(5), pp. 1951-1974. Springer. DOI: [htttp://doi.org/10.1007/s13524-020-00917-0 10.1007/s13524-020-00917-0]

Yabe T.; Ukkusuri S.V. (2020) "Effects of income inequality on evacuation, reentry and segregation after disasters", Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment, 82(), pp. -. Elsevier Ltd. DOI: [htttp://doi.org/10.1016/j.trd.2020.102260 10.1016/j.trd.2020.102260]

Ziller C.; Spörlein C. (2020) "Residential Segregation and Social Trust of Immigrants and Natives: Evidence From the Netherlands", Frontiers in Sociology, 5(), pp. -. Frontiers Media S.A.. DOI: [htttp://doi.org/10.3389/fsoc.2020.00045 10.3389/fsoc.2020.00045]

Haddad M.A. (2020) "Residential income segregation and commuting in a Latin American city", Applied Geography, 117(), pp. -. Elsevier Ltd. DOI: [htttp://doi.org/10.1016/j.apgeog.2020.102186 10.1016/j.apgeog.2020.102186]

Nilsson I.; Delmelle E.C. (2020) "Impact of new rail transit stations on neighborhood destination choices and income segregation", Cities, 102(), pp. -. Elsevier Ltd. DOI: [htttp://doi.org/10.1016/j.cities.2020.102737 10.1016/j.cities.2020.102737]

Sampson R.J.; Levy B.L. (2020) "Beyond Residential Segregation: Mobility Based Connectedness and Rates of Violence in Large Cities", Race and Social Problems, 12(1), pp. 77-86. Springer. DOI: [htttp://doi.org/10.1007/s12552-019-09273-0 10.1007/s12552-019-09273-0]

Owens A. (2020) "Unequal Opportunity: School and Neighborhood Segregation in the USA", Race and Social Problems, 12(1), pp. 29-41. Springer. DOI: [htttp://doi.org/10.1007/s12552-019-09274-z 10.1007/s12552-019-09274-z]

Drouhot L.G. (2020) "Income Segregation and the Incomplete Integration of Islam in the Paris Metropolitan Area", Socius, 6(), pp. -. SAGE Publications Inc.. DOI: [htttp://doi.org/10.1177/2378023119899585 10.1177/2378023119899585]

Richards M.P.; Stroub K.J. (2020) "Metropolitan public school district segregation by race and income, 2000 2011", Teachers College Record, 122(5), pp. 21-41. Teachers College, Columbia University. DOI: [htttp://doi.org/ ]

Havewala F. (2021) "The dynamics between the food environment and residential segregation: An analysis of metropolitan areas", Food Policy, 103(), pp. -. Elsevier Ltd. DOI: [htttp://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodpol.2020.102015 10.1016/j.foodpol.2020.102015]

Gallagher R.M. (2021) "Income segregation's impact on local public expenditures: Evidence from municipalities and school districts, 1980 2010", Regional Science and Urban Economics, 90(), pp. -. Elsevier B.V.. DOI: [htttp://doi.org/10.1016/j.regsciurbeco.2021.103710 10.1016/j.regsciurbeco.2021.103710]

Gallagher R.M. (2021) "Income segregation's impact on local public expenditures: Evidence from municipalities and school districts, 1980 2010", Regional Science and Urban Economics, 90(), pp. -. Elsevier B.V.. DOI: [htttp://doi.org/10.1016/j.regsciurbeco.2021.103710 10.1016/j.regsciurbeco.2021.103710]

Gallagher R.M. (2021) "Income segregation's impact on local public expenditures: Evidence from municipalities and school districts, 1980 2010", Regional Science and Urban Economics, 90(), pp. -. Elsevier B.V.. DOI: [htttp://doi.org/10.1016/j.regsciurbeco.2021.103710 10.1016/j.regsciurbeco.2021.103710]

Ismail M.; Warsame A.; Wilhelmsson M. (2021) "Do segregated housing markets have a spillover effect on housing prices in nearby residential areas?", Journal of European Real Estate Research, 14(2), pp. 169-186. Emerald Group Holdings Ltd.. DOI: [htttp://doi.org/10.1108/JERER-06-2020-0037 10.1108/JERER-06-2020-0037]

Delmelle E.; Nilsson I.; Adu P. (2021) "Poverty suburbanization, job accessibility, and employment outcomes", Social Inclusion, 9(2), pp. 166-178. Cogitatio Press. DOI: [htttp://doi.org/10.17645/si.v9i2.3735 10.17645/si.v9i2.3735]

Park H. (2021) "Income sorting by specialized services: Service differentiation by overlapping governments", Social Science Quarterly, 102(6), pp. 2761-2775. John Wiley and Sons Inc. DOI: [htttp://doi.org/10.1111/ssqu.13078 10.1111/ssqu.13078]

Taylor K.; Frankenberg E. (2021) "Student Assignment Policies and Racial and Income Segregation of Schools, School Attendance Zones, and Neighborhoods", Educational Administration Quarterly, 57(5), pp. 747-775. SAGE Publications Inc.. DOI: [htttp://doi.org/10.1177/0013161X211024720 10.1177/0013161X211024720]

Zhang T.; Duan X.; Wong D.W.S.; Lu Y. (2021) "Discovering income economic segregation patterns: A residential mobility embedding approach", Computers, Environment and Urban Systems, 90(), pp. -. Elsevier Ltd. DOI: [htttp://doi.org/10.1016/j.compenvurbsys.2021.101709 10.1016/j.compenvurbsys.2021.101709]

Santos M.I.D.; Santos G.F.D.; Freitas A.; Sousa Filho J.F.D.; Castro C.; Paiva A.S.S.; Friche A.A.D.L.; Barber S.; Caiaffa W.T.; Barreto M.L. (2021) "Urban income segregation and homicides: An analysis using Brazilian cities selected by the Salurbal project", SSM - Population Health, 14(), pp. -. Elsevier Ltd. DOI: [htttp://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssmph.2021.100819 10.1016/j.ssmph.2021.100819]

Santos M.I.D.; Santos G.F.D.; Freitas A.; Sousa Filho J.F.D.; Castro C.; Paiva A.S.S.; Friche A.A.D.L.; Barber S.; Caiaffa W.T.; Barreto M.L. (2021) "Urban income segregation and homicides: An analysis using Brazilian cities selected by the Salurbal project", SSM - Population Health, 14(), pp. -. Elsevier Ltd. DOI: [htttp://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssmph.2021.100819 10.1016/j.ssmph.2021.100819]

Mehta A. (2021) "SALT, Subsidies, and Subnational Spending", Columbia Journal of Law and Social Problems, 54(2), pp. 219-260. Columbia Law Review Association. DOI: [htttp://doi.org/ ]

Modai-Snir T. (2021) "Increasing Inequality and the Changing Spatial Distribution of Income in Tel Aviv", Urban Book Series, 191-207. Springer Science and Business Media Deutschland GmbH. DOI: [htttp://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-64569-4_10 10.1007/978-3-030-64569-4_10]

Veneri P.; Comandon A.; Garcia-López M.-À.; Daams M.N. (2021) "What do divided cities have in common? An international comparison of income segregation", Journal of Regional Science, 61(1), pp. 162-188. Blackwell Publishing Inc.. DOI: [htttp://doi.org/10.1111/jors.12506 10.1111/jors.12506]

Kulkarni N.; Malmendier U. (2022) "Homeownership segregation", Journal of Monetary Economics, 129(), pp. 123-149. Elsevier B.V.. DOI: [htttp://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmoneco.2022.05.001 10.1016/j.jmoneco.2022.05.001]

Wessel T. (2022) "Business Services, Income Inequality, and Income Segregation in Metropolitan Areas: Direct and Indirect Links", Economic Geography, 98(5), pp. 464-486. Routledge. DOI: [htttp://doi.org/10.1080/00130095.2022.2074831 10.1080/00130095.2022.2074831]

Peters S.J.; Carter J.S., III (2022) "Predictors of Access to Gifted Education: What Makes for a Successful School?", Exceptional Children, 88(4), pp. 341-358. SAGE Publications Inc.. DOI: [htttp://doi.org/10.1177/00144029221081092 10.1177/00144029221081092]

Kim Y.; Colabianchi N. (2022) "The Longitudinal Effect of Area Socioeconomic Changes on Obesity: a Longitudinal Cohort Study in the USA from 2003 to 2017", Journal of Urban Health, 99(6), pp. 1068-1079. Springer. DOI: [htttp://doi.org/10.1007/s11524-022-00681-z 10.1007/s11524-022-00681-z]

Ekenga C.C.; Tian R. (2022) "Promoting Food Equity in the Context of Residential Segregation", Environmental Justice, 15(6), pp. 346-351. Mary Ann Liebert Inc.. DOI: [htttp://doi.org/10.1089/env.2021.0029 10.1089/env.2021.0029]

Schachner J.N. (2022) "Neighborhood Economic Change in an Era of Metropolitan Divergence", Urban Affairs Review, 58(4), pp. 923-959. SAGE Publications Inc.. DOI: [htttp://doi.org/10.1177/10780874211016940 10.1177/10780874211016940]

Schachner J.N. (2022) "Neighborhood Economic Change in an Era of Metropolitan Divergence", Urban Affairs Review, 58(4), pp. 923-959. SAGE Publications Inc.. DOI: [htttp://doi.org/10.1177/10780874211016940 10.1177/10780874211016940]

Ng M.K.M.; Roper J.; Lee C.L.; Pettit C. (2022) "The Reflection of Income Segregation and Accessibility Cleavages in Sydney’s House Prices", ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information, 11(7), pp. -. MDPI. DOI: [htttp://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi11070413 10.3390/ijgi11070413]

Ng M.K.M.; Roper J.; Lee C.L.; Pettit C. (2022) "The Reflection of Income Segregation and Accessibility Cleavages in Sydney’s House Prices", ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information, 11(7), pp. -. MDPI. DOI: [htttp://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi11070413 10.3390/ijgi11070413]

Dalane K.; Marcotte D.E. (2022) "The Segregation of Students by Income in Public Schools", Educational Researcher, 51(4), pp. 245-254. SAGE Publications Inc.. DOI: [htttp://doi.org/10.3102/0013189X221081853 10.3102/0013189X221081853]

Beaubrun-Diant K.; Maury T.-P. (2022) "On the Impact of Public Housing on Income Segregation in France", Demography, 59(2), pp. 685-706. Duke University Press. DOI: [htttp://doi.org/10.1215/00703370-9807596 10.1215/00703370-9807596]

Quick M.; Revington N. (2022) "Exploring the global and local patterns of income segregation in Toronto, Canada: A multilevel multigroup modeling approach", Environment and Planning B: Urban Analytics and City Science, 49(2), pp. 637-653. SAGE Publications Ltd. DOI: [htttp://doi.org/10.1177/23998083211021419 10.1177/23998083211021419]

Quick M.; Revington N. (2022) "Exploring the global and local patterns of income segregation in Toronto, Canada: A multilevel multigroup modeling approach", Environment and Planning B: Urban Analytics and City Science, 49(2), pp. 637-653. SAGE Publications Ltd. DOI: [htttp://doi.org/10.1177/23998083211021419 10.1177/23998083211021419]

Won J. (2022) "Exploring Spatial Clustering Over Time and Spillover Effects of the Low Income Housing Tax Credit on Neighborhood Level Income Segregation", Urban Affairs Review, 58(3), pp. 799-831. SAGE Publications Inc.. DOI: [htttp://doi.org/10.1177/1078087420973436 10.1177/1078087420973436]

Kim H.; Schmidt N.M.; Osypuk T.L.; Thyden N.; Rehkopf D. (2022) "Effects of housing vouchers on the long term exposure to neighbourhood opportunity among low income families: the moving to opportunity experiment", Housing Studies, 38(1), pp. 128-151. Routledge. DOI: [htttp://doi.org/10.1080/02673037.2022.2112154 10.1080/02673037.2022.2112154]

Adu P.; Delmelle E.C. (2022) "Spatial Variations in Exclusionary Criteria from Online Rental Advertisements", Professional Geographer, 74(4), pp. 704-714. Routledge. DOI: [htttp://doi.org/10.1080/00330124.2022.2061537 10.1080/00330124.2022.2061537]

South S.J.; Huang Y.; Spring A. (2022) "Proximate sources of growth in neighborhood income segregation: Class selective migration versus in situ change", Social Science Research, 101(), pp. -. Academic Press Inc.. DOI: [htttp://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssresearch.2021.102624 10.1016/j.ssresearch.2021.102624]

Wei Z.; Mukherjee S. (2023) "Examining income segregation within activity spaces under natural disaster using dynamic mobility network", Sustainable Cities and Society, 91(), pp. -. Elsevier Ltd. DOI: [htttp://doi.org/10.1016/j.scs.2023.104408 10.1016/j.scs.2023.104408]

Dalane K.; Marcotte D.E. (2023) "Charter Schools and the Segregation of Students by Income", Educational Evaluation and Policy Analysis, -. SAGE Publications Inc.. DOI: [htttp://doi.org/10.3102/01623737221137903 10.3102/01623737221137903]