Metropolitan segregation

Date and country of first publication

2000
United states

Definition

At its current state, this definition has been generated by a Large Language Model (LLM) so far without review by an independent researcher or a member of the curating team of segregation experts that keep the Segregation Wiki online. While we strive for accuracy, we cannot guarantee its reliability, completeness and timeliness. Please use this content with caution and verify information as needed. Also, feel free to improve on the definition as you see fit, including the use of references and other informational resources. We value your input in enhancing the quality and accuracy of the definitions of segregation forms collectively offered in the Segregation Wiki ©.

Metropolitan segregation refers to the spatial separation of different social, economic, and racial or ethnic groups within a metropolitan area. It occurs when certain neighborhoods or areas become predominantly inhabited by specific groups, resulting in limited interaction and integration between different communities.

There are several factors that contribute to metropolitan segregation. Historical patterns of residential segregation, discriminatory practices such as redlining, and unequal access to housing and opportunities have all played a role in shaping the spatial organization of cities. Economic disparities, racial or ethnic tensions, and cultural differences also contribute to the perpetuation of segregation.

Metropolitan segregation has significant social and economic implications. It often leads to unequal access to resources and opportunities, such as quality education, healthcare, and employment. It also exacerbates social divisions, reinforces stereotypes, and perpetuates inequalities. Additionally, segregated neighborhoods can experience higher crime rates, poorer infrastructure, and limited social mobility.

Efforts to address metropolitan segregation include policies aimed at promoting fair housing, increasing economic opportunities in disadvantaged areas, and investing in infrastructure and public services in segregated neighborhoods. Community organizing, grassroots initiatives, and public awareness campaigns also play a crucial role in fostering integration and reducing segregation.

Despite these efforts, metropolitan segregation remains a complex and deeply entrenched issue. It requires comprehensive and sustained actions on multiple levels, including government policies, community engagement, and individual attitudes, to create more inclusive and equitable metropolitan areas.

Further reading

Reardon S.F.; Yun J.T.; Eitle T.M. (2000) "The changing structure of school segregation: Measurement and evidence of multiracial metropolitan area school segregation, 1989 1995", Demography, 37(3), pp. 351-364. Duke University Press. DOI: [htttp://doi.org/10.2307/2648047 10.2307/2648047]

Clotfelter C.T. (2001) "Are whites still fleeing? Racial patterns and enrollment shifts in urban public schools, 1987 1996", Journal of Policy Analysis and Management, 20(2), pp. 199-221. . DOI: [htttp://doi.org/10.1002/pam.2022 10.1002/pam.2022]

White M.J.; Fong E.; Cai Q. (2003) "The segregation of Asian origin groups in the United States and Canada", Social Science Research, 32(1), pp. 148-167. Academic Press Inc.. DOI: [htttp://doi.org/10.1016/S0049-089X(02)00023-6 10.1016/S0049-089X(02)00023-6]

Fischer C.S.; Stockmayer G.; Stiles J.; Hout M. (2004) "Distinguishing the geographic levels and social dimensions of U.S. metropolitan segregation, 1960 2000", Demography, 41(1), pp. 37-59. Duke University Press. DOI: [htttp://doi.org/10.1353/dem.2004.0002 10.1353/dem.2004.0002]

Gordon T.M. (2004) "Moving up by moving out? Planned developments and residential segregation in California", Urban Studies, 41(2), pp. 441-461. . DOI: [htttp://doi.org/10.1080/0042098032000165334 10.1080/0042098032000165334]

Fischer M.J. (2008) "Shifting geographies: Examining the role of suburbanization in blacks' declining segregation", Urban Affairs Review, 43(4), pp. 475-496. . DOI: [htttp://doi.org/10.1177/1078087407305499 10.1177/1078087407305499]

Farrell C.R. (2008) "Bifurcation, fragmentation or integration? The racial and geographical structure of US metropolitan segregation, 1990 2000", Urban Studies, 45(3), pp. 467-499. . DOI: [htttp://doi.org/10.1177/0042098007087332 10.1177/0042098007087332]

Frankenberg E. (2009) "Splintering school districts: Understanding the link between segregation and fragmentation", Law and Social Inquiry, 34(4), pp. 869-909. . DOI: [htttp://doi.org/10.1111/j.1747-4469.2009.01166.x 10.1111/j.1747-4469.2009.01166.x]

Freeman L. (2009) "Neighbourhood diversity, metropolitan segregation and gentrification: What are the links in the US?", Urban Studies, 46(10), pp. 2079-2101. . DOI: [htttp://doi.org/10.1177/0042098009339426 10.1177/0042098009339426]

Defina R.; Hannon L. (2010) "Increasing diversity and the future of U.S. Housing segregation", Neighborhood and Life Chances: How Place Matters in Modern America, 271-287. University of Pennsylvania Press. DOI: [htttp://doi.org/ ]

vonLockette N.D. (2010) "The impact of metropolitan residential segregation on the employment chances of blacks and whites in the United States", City and Community, 9(3), pp. 256-273. . DOI: [htttp://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6040.2010.01332.x 10.1111/j.1540-6040.2010.01332.x]

Warner E.T.; Gomez S.L. (2010) "Impact of neighborhood racial composition and metropolitan residential segregation on disparities in breast cancer stage at diagnosis and survival between black and white women in California", Journal of Community Health, 35(4), pp. 398-408. . DOI: [htttp://doi.org/10.1007/s10900-010-9265-2 10.1007/s10900-010-9265-2]

Iceland J.; Goyette K.A.; Nelson K.A.; Chan C. (2010) "Racial and ethnic residential segregation and household structure: A research note", Social Science Research, 39(1), pp. 39-47. . DOI: [htttp://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssresearch.2009.06.006 10.1016/j.ssresearch.2009.06.006]

Hutson M.A.; Wilson S. (2011) "The role of community based strategies in addressing metropolitan segregation and racial health disparities", Community Development, 42(4), pp. 476-493. . DOI: [htttp://doi.org/10.1080/15575330.2011.588067 10.1080/15575330.2011.588067]

Hyra D.S.; Squires G.D.; Renner R.N.; Kirk D.S. (2013) "Metropolitan Segregation and the Subprime Lending Crisis", Housing Policy Debate, 23(1), pp. 177-198. . DOI: [htttp://doi.org/10.1080/10511482.2012.697912 10.1080/10511482.2012.697912]

Richards M.P.; Stroub K.J. (2014) "The fragmentation of metropolitan public school districts and the segregation of American schools: A longitudinal analysis", Teachers College Record, 116(12), pp. -. Teachers College, Columbia University. DOI: [htttp://doi.org/ ]

Lichter D.T.; Parisi D.; Taquino M.C. (2015) "Toward a New Macro Segregation? Decomposing Segregation within and between Metropolitan Cities and Suburbs", American Sociological Review, 80(4), pp. 843-873. American Sociological Association. DOI: [htttp://doi.org/10.1177/0003122415588558 10.1177/0003122415588558]

Orfield M. (2015) "Milliken, Meredith, and metropolitan segregation", UCLA Law Review, 62(2), pp. 364-462. American Statistical Association. DOI: [htttp://doi.org/ ]

Farrell C.R. (2016) "Immigrant suburbanisation and the shifting geographic structure of metropolitan segregation in the United States", Urban Studies, 53(1), pp. 57-76. SAGE Publications Ltd. DOI: [htttp://doi.org/10.1177/0042098014558537 10.1177/0042098014558537]

Do D.P.; Frank R.; Iceland J. (2017) "Black white metropolitan segregation and self rated health: Investigating the role of neighborhood poverty", Social Science and Medicine, 187(), pp. 85-92. Elsevier Ltd. DOI: [htttp://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2017.06.010 10.1016/j.socscimed.2017.06.010]

Do D.P.; Frank R.; Iceland J. (2017) "Black white metropolitan segregation and self rated health: Investigating the role of neighborhood poverty", Social Science and Medicine, 187(), pp. 85-92. Elsevier Ltd. DOI: [htttp://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2017.06.010 10.1016/j.socscimed.2017.06.010]

Talen E. (2017) "Neighborhood social diversity and metropolitan segregation", In The Post-Urban World: Emergent Transformation of Cities and Regions in the Innovative Global Economy, 274-291. Taylor and Francis. DOI: [htttp://doi.org/10.4324/9781315672168 10.4324/9781315672168]

Galster G.; Santiago A. (2017) "Neighbourhood ethnic composition and outcomes for low income Latino and African American children", Urban Studies, 54(2), pp. 482-500. SAGE Publications Ltd. DOI: [htttp://doi.org/10.1177/0042098015598067 10.1177/0042098015598067]

Stroub K.J.; Richards M.P. (2017) "Suburbanizing segregation? Changes in racial/ethnic diversity and the geographic distribution of metropolitan school segregation, 2002 2012", Teachers College Record, 119(7), pp. 1-40. Teachers College, Columbia University. DOI: [htttp://doi.org/ ]

Arcaya M.C.; Schwartz G.; Subramanian S.V. (2018) "A multi level modeling approach to understanding residential segregation in the United States", Environment and Planning B: Urban Analytics and City Science, 45(6), pp. 1090-1105. SAGE Publications Ltd. DOI: [htttp://doi.org/10.1177/2399808318760858 10.1177/2399808318760858]

Do D.P.; Locklar L.R.B.; Florsheim P. (2019) "Triple jeopardy: the joint impact of racial segregation and neighborhood poverty on the mental health of black Americans", Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 54(5), pp. 533-541. Dr. Dietrich Steinkopff Verlag GmbH and Co. KG. DOI: [htttp://doi.org/10.1007/s00127-019-01654-5 10.1007/s00127-019-01654-5]

Do D.P.; Locklar L.R.B.; Florsheim P. (2019) "Triple jeopardy: the joint impact of racial segregation and neighborhood poverty on the mental health of black Americans", Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 54(5), pp. 533-541. Dr. Dietrich Steinkopff Verlag GmbH and Co. KG. DOI: [htttp://doi.org/10.1007/s00127-019-01654-5 10.1007/s00127-019-01654-5]

Hall M.; Iceland J.; Yi Y. (2019) "Racial Separation at Home and Work: Segregation in Residential and Workplace Settings", Population Research and Policy Review, 38(5), pp. 671-694. Springer Netherlands. DOI: [htttp://doi.org/10.1007/s11113-019-09510-9 10.1007/s11113-019-09510-9]

Richards M.P.; Stroub K.J. (2020) "Metropolitan public school district segregation by race and income, 2000 2011", Teachers College Record, 122(5), pp. 21-41. Teachers College, Columbia University. DOI: [htttp://doi.org/ ]

Hess C.; Acolin A.; Walter R.; Kennedy I.; Chasins S.; Crowder K. (2021) "Searching for housing in the digital age: Neighborhood representation on internet rental housing platforms across space, platform, and metropolitan segregation", Environment and Planning A, 53(8), pp. 2012-2032. SAGE Publications Ltd. DOI: [htttp://doi.org/10.1177/0308518X211034177 10.1177/0308518X211034177]

Hashimoto Y. (2021) "Racing the creative class: diversity, racialized discourses of work, and colorblind redevelopment", Urban Geography, 42(4), pp. 528-550. Routledge. DOI: [htttp://doi.org/10.1080/02723638.2020.1731180 10.1080/02723638.2020.1731180]

Hyra D.; Squires G.D.; Renner R.; Kirk D.S. (2022) "Metropolitan segregation and the subprime lending crisis: Housing Policy Debate, 2012", The Affordable Housing Reader, 396-414. Taylor and Francis. DOI: [htttp://doi.org/10.4324/9780429299377-35 10.4324/9780429299377-35]

Maniere E. (2022) "A “Most Conscientious and Considerate Method”: Residential Segregation and Integrationist Activism in Grosse Pointe, Michigan, 1960 1970", Journal of Urban History, -. SAGE Publications Inc.. DOI: [htttp://doi.org/10.1177/00961442211066936 10.1177/00961442211066936]

Haupert T. (2022) "New Technology, Old Patterns: Fintech Lending, Metropolitan Segregation, and Subprime Credit", Race and Social Problems, 14(4), pp. 293-307. Springer. DOI: [htttp://doi.org/10.1007/s12552-021-09353-0 10.1007/s12552-021-09353-0]

Jang J.B.; Hicken M.T.; Mullins M.; Esposito M.; Sol K.; Manly J.J.; Judd S.; Wadley V.; Clarke P.J. (2022) "Racial Segregation and Cognitive Function among Older Adults in the United States: Findings from the Reasons for Geographic and Racial Differences in Stroke Study", Journals of Gerontology - Series B Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences, 77(6), pp. 1132-1143. Gerontological Society of America. DOI: [htttp://doi.org/10.1093/geronb/gbab107 10.1093/geronb/gbab107]

Crowell A.; Fossett M. (2022) "Metropolitan racial residential segregation in the United States: A microlevel and cross context analysis of Black, Latino, and Asian segregation", Demographic Research, 46(), pp. 217-260. Max Planck Institute for Demographic Research. DOI: [htttp://doi.org/10.4054/DEMRES.2022.46.8 10.4054/DEMRES.2022.46.8]

Logan J.R.; Kye S.; Jacob Carlson H.; Minca E.; Schleith D. (2023) "The Role of Suburbanization in Metropolitan Segregation After 1940", Demography, 60(1), pp. 281-301. Duke University Press. DOI: [htttp://doi.org/10.1215/00703370-10430012 10.1215/00703370-10430012]