Legal segregation: Difference between revisions

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====== Date and country of first publication<ref>Date and country of first publication as informed by the Scopus database (December 2023).</ref>======
1985<br>
1985<br>
south africa
South africa
====== Definition ======
{{NoteAI}}


Legal segregation refers to the practice of separating people based on their race, ethnicity, religion, or other characteristics as mandated by laws or government policies. This form of segregation was prevalent in the United States prior to the Civil Rights movement, with laws enforcing separate facilities, services, and accommodations for different racial groups. Legal segregation was declared unconstitutional by the Supreme Court in landmark cases such as Brown v. Board of Education (1954) and the Civil Rights Act of 1964.
Legal segregation refers to the practice of separating people based on their race, ethnicity, religion, or other characteristics as mandated by laws or government policies. This form of segregation was prevalent in the United States prior to the Civil Rights movement, with laws enforcing separate facilities, services, and accommodations for different racial groups. Legal segregation was declared unconstitutional by the Supreme Court in landmark cases such as Brown v. Board of Education (1954) and the Civil Rights Act of 1964.
==See also==  
==See also==  
==References==  
==References==  
==Notes==
<references />
==Further reading==  
==Further reading==  


Dyreson M.; Sikes M.M. (2022) "‘A Democracy That Will Know Not the Differences of Race’: American ‘Globetrotting’ in South Africa from the 1920s through the 1980s in Perspective", International Journal of the History of Sport, 39(8-9), pp. 1088-1098. Routledge. DOI: [https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85141080265&doi=10.1080%2f09523367.2022.2121067&partnerID=40&md5=9ac9a442b86cc2252d6b672c9505dbc2 10.1080/09523367.2022.2121067]
Harris C.I. (1993) "Whiteness as property", Harvard Law Review, 106(8), pp. 1709-1790. Harvard Law Review Association. DOI: [htttp://doi.org/10.2307/1341787 10.2307/1341787]


McCormick J. (2019) "Mendez v. Westminster: Domestic and international forces underlying the fight for school desegregation", Journal of American Ethnic History, 39(1), pp. 5-34. University of Illinois Press. DOI: [https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85078147247&doi=10.5406%2fjamerethnhist.39.1.0005&partnerID=40&md5=ee252409780d2ef4478ae4612447a57a 10.5406/jamerethnhist.39.1.0005]
Anderson G.M.; Halcoussis D. (1996) "The political economy of legal segregation: Jim crow and racial employment patterns", Economics and Politics, 8(1), pp. 1-15. Blackwell Publishing Ltd. DOI: [htttp://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0343.1996.tb00117.x 10.1111/j.1468-0343.1996.tb00117.x]


Ries L. (2019) "Pha 2018 conference poster session", Pennsylvania History, 86(2), pp. 287-292. Penn State University Press. DOI: [https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85089700366&doi=10.5325%2fPENNHISTORY.86.2.0287&partnerID=40&md5=8d572c2445e885dffa4c493ee13d92a3 10.5325/PENNHISTORY.86.2.0287]
Ball A.F. (1998) "The value of recounting narratives: memorable learning experiences in the lives of inner city students and teachers", Narrative Inquiry, 8(1), pp. 151-180. John Benjamins Publishing Company. DOI: [htttp://doi.org/10.1075/ni.8.1.07bal 10.1075/ni.8.1.07bal]


Halpin D.P. (2018) "“The struggle for land and liberty”: Segregation, violence, and african american resistance in Baltimore, 1898 1918", Journal of Urban History, 44(4), pp. 691-712. SAGE Publications Inc.. DOI: [https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85049049280&doi=10.1177%2f0096144215589923&partnerID=40&md5=be8b9531cec8122acf6023e6c3e5e51c 10.1177/0096144215589923]
Jackson Jr. J.P. (2000) "Blind law and powerless science: The American Jewish Congress, the NAACP, and the scientific case against discrimination, 1945 1950", ISIS, 91(1), pp. 89-116. University of Chicago Press. DOI: [htttp://doi.org/10.1086/384627 10.1086/384627]


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Domke D. (2001) "The press, race relations, and social change", Journal of Communication, 51(2), pp. 317-344. . DOI: [htttp://doi.org/10.1093/joc/51.2.317 10.1093/joc/51.2.317]


McLaughlin-Stonham H. (2018) "Transport and turmoil: The turbulent racial history of transport in new orleans", European Journal of American Culture, 37(2), pp. 141-157. Intellect Ltd.. DOI: [https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85048740102&doi=10.1386%2fejac.37.2.141_1&partnerID=40&md5=565c75ac9e65ce70ec610e4277c0cccd 10.1386/ejac.37.2.141_1]
Larsen E.L. (2003) "Integrating segregated urban landscapes of the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries", Historical Archaeology, 37(3), pp. 111-123. Society for Historical Archaeology. DOI: [htttp://doi.org/10.1007/BF03376615 10.1007/BF03376615]


Gomberg P. (2017) "Workers without rights", Symposion, 4(1), pp. 49-76. Gheorghe Zane Institute for Economic and Social Research, Romanian Academy, Iasi Branch. DOI: [https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85021080816&doi=10.5840%2fsymposion2017413&partnerID=40&md5=65b6efdefa21440c5bf093089e647610 10.5840/symposion2017413]
Feagin J.R.; Barnett B.M. (2004) "Success and failure: How systemic racism trumped the Brown v. Board of Education decision", University of Illinois Law Review, 2004(5), pp. 1099-1130. . DOI: [htttp://doi.org/ ]


Aucoin B.J. (2016) "Thomas Goode Jones: Race, politics, and justice in the new South", Thomas Goode Jones: Race, Politics, and Justice in the New South, 1-236. University of Alabama Press. DOI: [https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85011266687&partnerID=40&md5=cfd0a4a0e7840ed42b63998edbf430a0 ]
Valencia R.R. (2005) "The Mexican American struggle for equal educational opportunity in Mendez v. Westminster: Helping to pave the way for Brown v. Board of education", Teachers College Record, 107(3), pp. 389-423. Teachers College, Columbia University. DOI: [htttp://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9620.2005.00481.x 10.1111/j.1467-9620.2005.00481.x]


Isaacs-Martin W. (2015) "Issues of race, ethnicity, socio economic position and spatial acknowledgement in South Africa: How spatial access and expression still perpetuate notions of difference, separation and uncertainty amongst the South African coloured1 population", International Journal of African Renaissance Studies, 10(1), pp. 120-140. Taylor and Francis Ltd.. DOI: [https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85009730032&doi=10.1080%2f18186874.2015.1050219&partnerID=40&md5=a8e10fa4df516375c1651a43aa3623b6 10.1080/18186874.2015.1050219]
Jones D.M. (2007) "Literary regionalism and the confinements of class: A revisionist historical reading of Jessie Fauset's Plum Bun", Tamkang Review, 38(1), pp. 87-115. . DOI: [htttp://doi.org/ ]


Adams C.J. (2014) "Race relations and the consequences of the great migration", A Companion to Warren G. Harding, Calvin Coolidge, and Herbert Hoover, 291-312. wiley. DOI: [https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85101488130&doi=10.1002%2f9781118834510.ch15&partnerID=40&md5=f05d37329de2ea4d0431ad9efd33aae7 10.1002/9781118834510.ch15]
Thompson-Miller R.; Feagin J.R. (2007) "The Reality and Impact of Legal Segregation in the United States", Handbooks of Sociology and Social Research, 455-465. Springer Science and Business Media B.V.. DOI: [htttp://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-70845-4_23 10.1007/978-0-387-70845-4_23]


Berrey S.A. (2015) "The jim crow routine: Everyday performances of race, civil rights, and segregation in Mississippi", The Jim Crow Routine: Everyday Performances of Race, Civil Rights, and Segregation in Mississippi, 1-331. University of North Carolina Press. DOI: [https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84951816757&partnerID=40&md5=cd4a015894b21253c394e6e5293dc1d6 ]
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Prentiss C.R. (2014) "Garland Anderson, race, and the limits of new thought in the age of Jim Crow", Nova Religio, 17(3), pp. 84-108. . DOI: [https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84894174409&doi=10.1525%2fnr.2014.17.3.84&partnerID=40&md5=e80dd9a313c0865ed31d0b131c2231a6 10.1525/nr.2014.17.3.84]
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Newmark J. (2015) "The pluralist imagination from east to west in American literature", The Pluralist Imagination from East to West in American Literature, 1-151. University of Nebraska Press. DOI: [https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84952052836&partnerID=40&md5=61c736d39d3727b4a611f5aff429870e ]
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Armstrong D.F.; Olson M.J. (2014) "The history of Gallaudet university: 150 years of a deaf American institution", The History of Gallaudet University: 150 Years of a Deaf American Institution, 1-200. Gallaudet University Press. DOI: [https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84942113475&partnerID=40&md5=bf2df54065b321a1e958e6afd617ee34 ]
Morris J.E. (2008) "Research, ideology, and the Brown decision: Counter narratives to the historical and contemporary representation of Black schooling", Teachers College Record, 110(4), pp. 713-732. Teachers College, Columbia University. DOI: [htttp://doi.org/ ]


Ellis S. (2013) "Freedom’s pragmatist: Lyndon Johnson and civil rights", Freedom's Pragmatist: Lyndon Johnson and Civil Rights, 1-329. University Press of Florida. DOI: [https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84947429983&partnerID=40&md5=1ff28240c2d9380408c36ad732b297e6 ]
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Dickerson D.C. (2012) "Formation and consolidation of African American religious communities, 1865 1945", The Cambridge History of Religions in America: Volume II 1790 to 1945, 300-323. Cambridge University Press. DOI: [https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84925677585&doi=10.1017%2fCHOL9780521871099.015&partnerID=40&md5=55a5b4f6ff6f85cb98a602d894af0a8c 10.1017/CHOL9780521871099.015]
Fontenot K. (2008) "Sing it good, sing it strong, sing it loud: The music of governor Jimmie Davis", Shreveport Sounds in Black and White, 9781604733037(), pp. 46-57. University Press of Mississippi. DOI: [htttp://doi.org/ ]


Benjamin M. (2010) "A colored authors collection to exhibit to the world and educate a race", Education and the Culture of Print in Modern America, 36-56. University of Wisconsin Press. DOI: [https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84899177370&partnerID=40&md5=fa532e20b2d0ed69eb154602454877ad ]
Rose A.C. (2009) "Psychology and selfhood in the segregated south", Psychology and Selfhood in the Segregated South, 1-305. University of North Carolina Press. DOI: [htttp://doi.org/ ]


Foner N.; Alba R. (2010) "Immigration and the legacies of the past: The impact of slavery and the Holocaust on contemporary immigrants in the United States and Western Europe", Comparative Studies in Society and History, 52(4), pp. 798-819. . DOI: [https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-79551530346&doi=10.1017%2fS0010417510000447&partnerID=40&md5=8589b18500658b3001068c954a138866 10.1017/S0010417510000447]
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Lagrand J.B. (2010) "The problems of preaching through history", Confessing History : Explorations in Christian Faith and the Historian's Vocation, 187-213. University of Notre Dame Press. DOI: [https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84905526300&partnerID=40&md5=72ed02e899a84868fd8c5417811c0d0c ]
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Rose A.C. (2009) "Psychology and selfhood in the segregated south", Psychology and Selfhood in the Segregated South, 1-305. University of North Carolina Press. DOI: [https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84898168264&partnerID=40&md5=cb720e40efa66d2cfb4156aa57273215 ]
Benjamin M. (2010) "A colored authors collection to exhibit to the world and educate a race", Education and the Culture of Print in Modern America, 36-56. University of Wisconsin Press. DOI: [htttp://doi.org/ ]


Jones D.M. (2007) "Literary regionalism and the confinements of class: A revisionist historical reading of Jessie Fauset's Plum Bun", Tamkang Review, 38(1), pp. 87-115. . DOI: [https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-42949163467&partnerID=40&md5=1d4850f32f29b19bde6f6fc36da68e2d ]
Foner N.; Alba R. (2010) "Immigration and the legacies of the past: The impact of slavery and the Holocaust on contemporary immigrants in the United States and Western Europe", Comparative Studies in Society and History, 52(4), pp. 798-819. . DOI: [htttp://doi.org/10.1017/S0010417510000447 10.1017/S0010417510000447]


Larsen E.L. (2003) "Integrating segregated urban landscapes of the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries", Historical Archaeology, 37(3), pp. 111-123. Society for Historical Archaeology. DOI: [https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-60950262158&doi=10.1007%2fBF03376615&partnerID=40&md5=98bc4d0a854a8af41be846902d9d6920 10.1007/BF03376615]
Lagrand J.B. (2010) "The problems of preaching through history", Confessing History : Explorations in Christian Faith and the Historian's Vocation, 187-213. University of Notre Dame Press. DOI: [htttp://doi.org/ ]


Domke D. (2001) "The press, race relations, and social change", Journal of Communication, 51(2), pp. 317-344. . DOI: [https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0035626763&doi=10.1093%2fjoc%2f51.2.317&partnerID=40&md5=2b50340de011ab033ca08ea35cf966f6 10.1093/joc/51.2.317]
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Ball A.F. (1998) "The value of recounting narratives: memorable learning experiences in the lives of inner city students and teachers", Narrative Inquiry, 8(1), pp. 151-180. John Benjamins Publishing Company. DOI: [https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-33750196649&doi=10.1075%2fni.8.1.07bal&partnerID=40&md5=555e0defee449cd6ea6c635ab58bbcab 10.1075/ni.8.1.07bal]
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Jackson Jr. J.P. (2000) "Blind law and powerless science: The American Jewish Congress, the NAACP, and the scientific case against discrimination, 1945 1950", ISIS, 91(1), pp. 89-116. University of Chicago Press. DOI: [https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0012860631&doi=10.1086%2f384627&partnerID=40&md5=acb8ea9dffa804f9f43d0e49b445c59c 10.1086/384627]
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Dickerson D.C. (2012) "Formation and consolidation of African American religious communities, 1865 1945", The Cambridge History of Religions in America: Volume II 1790 to 1945, 300-323. Cambridge University Press. DOI: [htttp://doi.org/10.1017/CHOL9780521871099.015 10.1017/CHOL9780521871099.015]


Anderson G.M.; Halcoussis D. (1996) "The political economy of legal segregation: Jim crow and racial employment patterns", Economics and Politics, 8(1), pp. 1-15. Blackwell Publishing Ltd. DOI: [https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0002380102&doi=10.1111%2fj.1468-0343.1996.tb00117.x&partnerID=40&md5=8721f882a8bdb84c296033ce05b659bf 10.1111/j.1468-0343.1996.tb00117.x]
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Brown R.A.; Anderson R.; Thompson J. (2013) "“New” News, Hegemony and Representations of Black Male Athletes", Race and News: Critical Perspectives, 64-87. Taylor and Francis. DOI: [htttp://doi.org/10.4324/9780203876855-10 10.4324/9780203876855-10]


Thompson-Miller R.; Feagin J.R. (2018) "The Reality and Impact of Legal Segregation in the United States", Handbooks of Sociology and Social Research, 203-213. Springer Science and Business Media B.V.. DOI: [https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85125996005&doi=10.1007%2f978-3-319-76757-4_12&partnerID=40&md5=21d3271c4e959a3e652354599f73ccb0 10.1007/978-3-319-76757-4_12]
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Durrheim K. (2012) "Two histories of prejudice", Psychology and History: Interdisciplinary Explorations, 205-222. Cambridge University Press. DOI: [https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84923479523&doi=10.1017%2fCBO9781139525404.015&partnerID=40&md5=768cc2ccaf922ae73b016dd4c392414b 10.1017/CBO9781139525404.015]
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Adams C.J. (2014) "Race relations and the consequences of the great migration", A Companion to Warren G. Harding, Calvin Coolidge, and Herbert Hoover, 291-312. wiley. DOI: [htttp://doi.org/10.1002/9781118834510.ch15 10.1002/9781118834510.ch15]


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Prentiss C.R. (2014) "Garland Anderson, race, and the limits of new thought in the age of Jim Crow", Nova Religio, 17(3), pp. 84-108. . DOI: [htttp://doi.org/10.1525/nr.2014.17.3.84 10.1525/nr.2014.17.3.84]


Williams N.A. (2017) "The Black kitchen table agreement: the power of silence during the era of Trump", International Journal of Qualitative Studies in Education, 30(10), pp. 975-981. Routledge. DOI: [https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85033776897&doi=10.1080%2f09518398.2017.1312606&partnerID=40&md5=034b877da48b42ae2558169eda1e1829 10.1080/09518398.2017.1312606]
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Krysan M.; Crowder K. (2017) "Cycle of segregation: Social processes and residential stratification", Cycle of Segregation: Social Processes and Residential Stratification, 1-321. Russell Sage Foundation. DOI: [https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85054926016&partnerID=40&md5=eb90f53ac4debeeafae447efda0495b8 ]
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Mueller J.C. (2017) "Producing Colorblindness: Everyday Mechanisms of White Ignorance", Social Problems, 64(2), pp. 219-238. Oxford University Press. DOI: [https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85028682733&doi=10.1093%2fsocpro%2fspw061&partnerID=40&md5=905ef4772c67f85e11a112903c583a7f 10.1093/socpro/spw061]
Powers J.M. (2014) "On separate paths: The Mexican American and African American legal campaigns against school segregation", American Journal of Education, 121(1), pp. 29-55. University of Chicago Press. DOI: [htttp://doi.org/10.1086/678124 10.1086/678124]


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Powers J.M. (2014) "On separate paths: The Mexican American and African American legal campaigns against school segregation", American Journal of Education, 121(1), pp. 29-55. University of Chicago Press. DOI: [https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84907985709&doi=10.1086%2f678124&partnerID=40&md5=ae991789f61f28146debd878a96fcc41 10.1086/678124]
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Powers J.M. (2014) "On separate paths: The Mexican American and African American legal campaigns against school segregation", American Journal of Education, 121(1), pp. 29-55. University of Chicago Press. DOI: [https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84907985709&doi=10.1086%2f678124&partnerID=40&md5=ae991789f61f28146debd878a96fcc41 10.1086/678124]
Hutchison P. (2015) "The Harlan Renaissance: Colorblindness and White Domination in Justice John Marshall Harlan’s Dissent in Plessy v. Ferguson", Journal of African American Studies, 19(4), pp. 426-447. Springer New York LLC. DOI: [htttp://doi.org/10.1007/s12111-015-9316-y 10.1007/s12111-015-9316-y]


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Williams N.A. (2017) "The Black kitchen table agreement: the power of silence during the era of Trump", International Journal of Qualitative Studies in Education, 30(10), pp. 975-981. Routledge. DOI: [htttp://doi.org/10.1080/09518398.2017.1312606 10.1080/09518398.2017.1312606]


Viteritti J.P. (2011) "Whose equality? the discouraging politics of American education (and what we might do about it)", Perspectives on Politics, 9(3), pp. 585-596. . DOI: [https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-82555186841&doi=10.1017%2fS1537592711002799&partnerID=40&md5=7978ee3ff298566096ab5686abed951e 10.1017/S1537592711002799]
Krysan M.; Crowder K. (2017) "Cycle of segregation: Social processes and residential stratification", Cycle of Segregation: Social Processes and Residential Stratification, 1-321. Russell Sage Foundation. DOI: [htttp://doi.org/ ]


Clayson W.S. (2010) "Freedom is not enough: The war on poverty and the civil rights movement in Texas", Freedom is not Enough: The War on Poverty and the Civil Rights Movement in Texas, 1-210. University of Texas Press. DOI: [https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84898571008&partnerID=40&md5=47dfa01831a2e9f1f926211f9e07759d ]
Mueller J.C. (2017) "Producing Colorblindness: Everyday Mechanisms of White Ignorance", Social Problems, 64(2), pp. 219-238. Oxford University Press. DOI: [htttp://doi.org/10.1093/socpro/spw061 10.1093/socpro/spw061]


Dasgupta N. (2009) "Color lines in the mind: Implicit prejudice, discrimination, and the potential for change", Twenty-First Century Color Lines: Multiracial Change in Contemporary America, 97-117. Temple University Press. DOI: [https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84902017919&partnerID=40&md5=7b0ac3b1a7753a4c552db0a720868aed ]
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Tsunokai G.T.; Kposowa A.J.; Adams M.A. (2009) "Racial preferences in Internet dating: A comparison of four birth cohorts", Western Journal of Black Studies, 33(1), pp. 1-15. . DOI: [https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-79953138738&partnerID=40&md5=ad82565ea0535ff86f5ffbc233d59e63 ]
Gupta A. (2018) "Vedana of bias: Latent likes and dislikes fuelling barriers to human connection", Contemporary Buddhism, 19(1), pp. 145-159. Routledge. DOI: [htttp://doi.org/10.1080/14639947.2018.1453238 10.1080/14639947.2018.1453238]


Beratan G.D. (2008) "The song remains the same: Transposition and the disproportionate representation of minority students in special education", Race Ethnicity and Education, 11(4), pp. 337-354. . DOI: [https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-57049089120&doi=10.1080%2f13613320802478820&partnerID=40&md5=b8a84f08e2bf3b983ff73140a012034c 10.1080/13613320802478820]
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Fairchild G.B.; Robinson J.A. (2008) "Unlearned lessons from Letter from Birmingham Jail: The work begun, the progress made, and the task ahead", Business and Society, 47(4), pp. 484-522. . DOI: [https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-55349118171&doi=10.1177%2f0007650308323696&partnerID=40&md5=2cd88abf84c49cbb11f10010af157092 10.1177/0007650308323696]
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Morris J.E. (2008) "Research, ideology, and the Brown decision: Counter narratives to the historical and contemporary representation of Black schooling", Teachers College Record, 110(4), pp. 713-732. Teachers College, Columbia University. DOI: [https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-42149156574&partnerID=40&md5=7eb88e52409299ea69978e19349e8d8a ]
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Washington S.H. (2008) "Mrs. Block Beautiful: African American Women and the Birth of the Urban Conservation Movement, Chicago, Illinois, 1917 1954", Environmental Justice, 1(1), pp. 13-23. . DOI: [https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-65249168532&doi=10.1089%2fenv.2008.0505&partnerID=40&md5=1bdcff6c8b63c9829ba53a2fcff81edd 10.1089/env.2008.0505]
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Revision as of 17:42, 8 April 2024

Date and country of first publication[1]

1985
South africa

Definition
At its current state, this definition has been generated by a Large Language Model (LLM) so far without review by an independent researcher or a member of the curating team of segregation experts that keep the Segregation Wiki online. While we strive for accuracy, we cannot guarantee its reliability, completeness and timeliness. Please use this content with caution and verify information as needed. Also, feel free to improve on the definition as you see fit, including the use of references and other informational resources. We value your input in enhancing the quality and accuracy of the definitions of segregation forms collectively offered in the Segregation Wiki ©.

Legal segregation refers to the practice of separating people based on their race, ethnicity, religion, or other characteristics as mandated by laws or government policies. This form of segregation was prevalent in the United States prior to the Civil Rights movement, with laws enforcing separate facilities, services, and accommodations for different racial groups. Legal segregation was declared unconstitutional by the Supreme Court in landmark cases such as Brown v. Board of Education (1954) and the Civil Rights Act of 1964.

See also

References

Notes

  1. Date and country of first publication as informed by the Scopus database (December 2023).

Further reading

Harris C.I. (1993) "Whiteness as property", Harvard Law Review, 106(8), pp. 1709-1790. Harvard Law Review Association. DOI: [htttp://doi.org/10.2307/1341787 10.2307/1341787]

Anderson G.M.; Halcoussis D. (1996) "The political economy of legal segregation: Jim crow and racial employment patterns", Economics and Politics, 8(1), pp. 1-15. Blackwell Publishing Ltd. DOI: [htttp://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0343.1996.tb00117.x 10.1111/j.1468-0343.1996.tb00117.x]

Ball A.F. (1998) "The value of recounting narratives: memorable learning experiences in the lives of inner city students and teachers", Narrative Inquiry, 8(1), pp. 151-180. John Benjamins Publishing Company. DOI: [htttp://doi.org/10.1075/ni.8.1.07bal 10.1075/ni.8.1.07bal]

Jackson Jr. J.P. (2000) "Blind law and powerless science: The American Jewish Congress, the NAACP, and the scientific case against discrimination, 1945 1950", ISIS, 91(1), pp. 89-116. University of Chicago Press. DOI: [htttp://doi.org/10.1086/384627 10.1086/384627]

Domke D. (2001) "The press, race relations, and social change", Journal of Communication, 51(2), pp. 317-344. . DOI: [htttp://doi.org/10.1093/joc/51.2.317 10.1093/joc/51.2.317]

Larsen E.L. (2003) "Integrating segregated urban landscapes of the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries", Historical Archaeology, 37(3), pp. 111-123. Society for Historical Archaeology. DOI: [htttp://doi.org/10.1007/BF03376615 10.1007/BF03376615]

Feagin J.R.; Barnett B.M. (2004) "Success and failure: How systemic racism trumped the Brown v. Board of Education decision", University of Illinois Law Review, 2004(5), pp. 1099-1130. . DOI: [htttp://doi.org/ ]

Valencia R.R. (2005) "The Mexican American struggle for equal educational opportunity in Mendez v. Westminster: Helping to pave the way for Brown v. Board of education", Teachers College Record, 107(3), pp. 389-423. Teachers College, Columbia University. DOI: [htttp://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9620.2005.00481.x 10.1111/j.1467-9620.2005.00481.x]

Jones D.M. (2007) "Literary regionalism and the confinements of class: A revisionist historical reading of Jessie Fauset's Plum Bun", Tamkang Review, 38(1), pp. 87-115. . DOI: [htttp://doi.org/ ]

Thompson-Miller R.; Feagin J.R. (2007) "The Reality and Impact of Legal Segregation in the United States", Handbooks of Sociology and Social Research, 455-465. Springer Science and Business Media B.V.. DOI: [htttp://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-70845-4_23 10.1007/978-0-387-70845-4_23]

Fuligni A.J. (2007) "Contesting stereotypes and creating identities: Social categories, social identities, and educational participation", Contesting stereotypes and creating identities: Social categories, social identities, and educational participation, 1-274. Russell Sage Foundation. DOI: [htttp://doi.org/ ]

Beratan G.D. (2008) "The song remains the same: Transposition and the disproportionate representation of minority students in special education", Race Ethnicity and Education, 11(4), pp. 337-354. . DOI: [htttp://doi.org/10.1080/13613320802478820 10.1080/13613320802478820]

Fairchild G.B.; Robinson J.A. (2008) "Unlearned lessons from Letter from Birmingham Jail: The work begun, the progress made, and the task ahead", Business and Society, 47(4), pp. 484-522. . DOI: [htttp://doi.org/10.1177/0007650308323696 10.1177/0007650308323696]

Morris J.E. (2008) "Research, ideology, and the Brown decision: Counter narratives to the historical and contemporary representation of Black schooling", Teachers College Record, 110(4), pp. 713-732. Teachers College, Columbia University. DOI: [htttp://doi.org/ ]

Washington S.H. (2008) "Mrs. Block Beautiful: African American Women and the Birth of the Urban Conservation Movement, Chicago, Illinois, 1917 1954", Environmental Justice, 1(1), pp. 13-23. . DOI: [htttp://doi.org/10.1089/env.2008.0505 10.1089/env.2008.0505]

Palmer R.; Gasman M. (2008) ""It takes a village to raise a child": The role of social capital in promoting academic success for African American men at a black college", Journal of College Student Development, 49(1), pp. 52-70. Johns Hopkins University Press. DOI: [htttp://doi.org/10.1353/csd.2008.0002 10.1353/csd.2008.0002]

Fontenot K. (2008) "Sing it good, sing it strong, sing it loud: The music of governor Jimmie Davis", Shreveport Sounds in Black and White, 9781604733037(), pp. 46-57. University Press of Mississippi. DOI: [htttp://doi.org/ ]

Rose A.C. (2009) "Psychology and selfhood in the segregated south", Psychology and Selfhood in the Segregated South, 1-305. University of North Carolina Press. DOI: [htttp://doi.org/ ]

Dasgupta N. (2009) "Color lines in the mind: Implicit prejudice, discrimination, and the potential for change", Twenty-First Century Color Lines: Multiracial Change in Contemporary America, 97-117. Temple University Press. DOI: [htttp://doi.org/ ]

Tsunokai G.T.; Kposowa A.J.; Adams M.A. (2009) "Racial preferences in Internet dating: A comparison of four birth cohorts", Western Journal of Black Studies, 33(1), pp. 1-15. . DOI: [htttp://doi.org/ ]

Benjamin M. (2010) "A colored authors collection to exhibit to the world and educate a race", Education and the Culture of Print in Modern America, 36-56. University of Wisconsin Press. DOI: [htttp://doi.org/ ]

Foner N.; Alba R. (2010) "Immigration and the legacies of the past: The impact of slavery and the Holocaust on contemporary immigrants in the United States and Western Europe", Comparative Studies in Society and History, 52(4), pp. 798-819. . DOI: [htttp://doi.org/10.1017/S0010417510000447 10.1017/S0010417510000447]

Lagrand J.B. (2010) "The problems of preaching through history", Confessing History : Explorations in Christian Faith and the Historian's Vocation, 187-213. University of Notre Dame Press. DOI: [htttp://doi.org/ ]

Clayson W.S. (2010) "Freedom is not enough: The war on poverty and the civil rights movement in Texas", Freedom is not Enough: The War on Poverty and the Civil Rights Movement in Texas, 1-210. University of Texas Press. DOI: [htttp://doi.org/ ]

Thomas N.; Levine P. (2011) "Deliberative democracy and higher education: Higher education's democratic mission", "To Serve a Larger Purpose": Engagement for Democracy and the Transformation of Higher Education, 154-176. Temple University Press. DOI: [htttp://doi.org/ ]

Viteritti J.P. (2011) "Whose equality? the discouraging politics of American education (and what we might do about it)", Perspectives on Politics, 9(3), pp. 585-596. . DOI: [htttp://doi.org/10.1017/S1537592711002799 10.1017/S1537592711002799]

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