Labor market segregation: Difference between revisions

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====== Date and country of first publication<ref>Date and country of first publication as informed by the Scopus database (December 2023).</ref>======
1988<br>
1988<br>
israel
Israel
====== Definition ======
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Labor market segregation refers to the unequal and discriminatory distribution of individuals into different types of jobs or sectors based on characteristics such as gender, race, ethnicity, or age. This segregation can result in certain groups of people being concentrated in low-paying, low-skilled jobs with limited opportunities for advancement, while other groups have better access to higher-paying, more prestigious positions. This can contribute to inequalities in income, career opportunities, and overall quality of life for marginalized groups. Efforts to address labor market segregation often involve policies and initiatives aimed at promoting diversity, inclusion, and equal opportunity in the workforce.
Labor market segregation refers to the unequal and discriminatory distribution of individuals into different types of jobs or sectors based on characteristics such as gender, race, ethnicity, or age. This segregation can result in certain groups of people being concentrated in low-paying, low-skilled jobs with limited opportunities for advancement, while other groups have better access to higher-paying, more prestigious positions. This can contribute to inequalities in income, career opportunities, and overall quality of life for marginalized groups. Efforts to address labor market segregation often involve policies and initiatives aimed at promoting diversity, inclusion, and equal opportunity in the workforce.
==See also==  
==See also==  
==References==  
==References==  
==Notes==
<references />
==Further reading==  
==Further reading==  


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Tonoyan V.; Strohmeyer R.; Jennings J.E. (2020) "Gender Gaps in Perceived Start up Ease: Implications of Sex based Labor Market Segregation for Entrepreneurship across 22 European Countries", Administrative Science Quarterly, 65(1), pp. 181-225. SAGE Publications Ltd. DOI: [https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85062464444&doi=10.1177%2f0001839219835867&partnerID=40&md5=52b574c6163016eab91b0f4c784cdf83 10.1177/0001839219835867]
Neuman S.; Silber J. (1994) "The econometrics of labor market segregation and discrimination", Journal of Econometrics, 61(1), pp. 1-4. . DOI: [htttp://doi.org/10.1016/0304-4076(94)90073-6 10.1016/0304-4076(94)90073-6]


Herrera C.; Dijkstra G.; Ruben R. (2019) "Gender Segregation and Income Differences in Nicaragua", Feminist Economics, 25(3), pp. 144-170. Routledge. DOI: [https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85060960696&doi=10.1080%2f13545701.2019.1567931&partnerID=40&md5=1b63a7eb6ecf9381cd5b37f185ba3995 10.1080/13545701.2019.1567931]
Medrano J.D. (1994) "The effects of ethnic segregation and ethnic competition on political mobilization in the Basque country, 1988", American Sociological Review, 59(6), pp. 873-889. . DOI: [htttp://doi.org/10.2307/2096373 10.2307/2096373]


Motellón E.; López-Bazo E. (2015) "Job Loss Among Immigrant and Native Workers: Evidence from Spain’s Economic Downturn", Social Indicators Research, 120(2), pp. 345-371. Kluwer Academic Publishers. DOI: [https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84943588684&doi=10.1007%2fs11205-014-0596-8&partnerID=40&md5=14baea9746afa898df65bffea054814a 10.1007/s11205-014-0596-8]
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Vihalemm T.; Hogan-Brun G. (2013) "Language policies and practices across the Baltic: Processes, challenges and prospects", European Journal of Applied Linguistics, 1(1), pp. 55-82. Walter de Gruyter GmbH. DOI: [https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84887114203&doi=10.1515%2feujal-2013-0004&partnerID=40&md5=31ea41e06ca7590848f7412715233303 10.1515/eujal-2013-0004]
Zhao Y. (1997) "Labor migration and returns to rural education in China", American Journal of Agricultural Economics, 79(4), pp. 1278-1287. Oxford University Press. DOI: [htttp://doi.org/10.2307/1244284 10.2307/1244284]


Bastia T. (2007) "From mining to garment workshops: Bolivian migrants in Buenos Aires", Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 33(4), pp. 655-669. . DOI: [https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-34047143809&doi=10.1080%2f13691830701265628&partnerID=40&md5=ae45a3ac3914b008a89046bd38f892e9 10.1080/13691830701265628]
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Schrover M.; van der Leun J.; Quispel C. (2007) "Niches, labour market segregation, ethnicity and gender", Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 33(4), pp. 529-540. . DOI: [https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-34047184864&doi=10.1080%2f13691830701265404&partnerID=40&md5=cee3d569ef0b38129587c47fd9951c18 10.1080/13691830701265404]
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Kreimer M. (2004) "Labour market segregation and the gender based division of labour", European Journal of Women's Studies, 11(2), pp. 223-246. . DOI: [https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-3042593679&doi=10.1177%2f1350506804042097&partnerID=40&md5=dfa933424543ca8acf0d7aa9d7deb071 10.1177/1350506804042097]
Meyersson Milgrom E.M.; Petersen T.; Snartland V. (2001) "Equal pay for equal work? Evidence from Sweden and a comparison with Norway and the U.S.", Scandinavian Journal of Economics, 103(4), pp. 559-583. Blackwell Publishing Ltd. DOI: [htttp://doi.org/10.1111/1467-9442.00260 10.1111/1467-9442.00260]


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Gottschall K.; Bird K. (2003) "Family leave policies and labor market segregation in Germany: Reinvention or reform of the male breadwinner model?", Review of Policy Research, 20(1), pp. 115-134. Blackwell Publishing Inc.. DOI: [htttp://doi.org/10.1111/1541-1338.d01-7 10.1111/1541-1338.d01-7]


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Kreimer M. (2004) "Labour market segregation and the gender based division of labour", European Journal of Women's Studies, 11(2), pp. 223-246. . DOI: [htttp://doi.org/10.1177/1350506804042097 10.1177/1350506804042097]


Dowie G.; de Haan A.; Grantham K. (2021) "Women's Economic Empowerment: Insights from Africa and South Asia", Women's Economic Empowerment: Insights from Africa and South Asia, 1-268. Taylor and Francis. DOI: [https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85107992248&doi=10.4324%2f9781003141938&partnerID=40&md5=7332740edf1ff42df47e038e958c0a73 10.4324/9781003141938]
Parks V. (2004) "The gendered connection between ethnic residential and labor market segregation in los angeles", Urban Geography, 25(7), pp. 589-630. . DOI: [htttp://doi.org/10.2747/0272-3638.25.7.589 10.2747/0272-3638.25.7.589]


Haussmann S.; Golgher A.B. (2016) "Shrinking gender wage gaps in the Brazilian labor market: An application of the APC approach; [Diminuição do hiato salarial entre gêneros no mercado de trabalho Brasileiro: Uma aplicação da abordagem IPC]", Nova Economia, 26(2), pp. 429-464. Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais. DOI: [https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85007363367&doi=10.1590%2f0103-6351%2f2680&partnerID=40&md5=14c47c6ec7a8734f2446f763de2ab1a7 10.1590/0103-6351/2680]
Zhao Z. (2005) "Migration, labor market flexibility, and wage determination in China: A review", Developing Economies, 43(2), pp. 285-312. Institute of Developing Economies. DOI: [htttp://doi.org/10.1111/j.1746-1049.2005.tb00263.x 10.1111/j.1746-1049.2005.tb00263.x]


Huynh P.; Kapsos S. (2015) "Economic class and labour market segregation: Poor and middle class workers in developing Asia and the Pacific", Economic Studies in Inequality, Social Exclusion and Well-Being, 257-279. Springer. DOI: [https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85042534392&doi=10.1007%2f978-981-287-420-7_14&partnerID=40&md5=34218bb904f7a6982c8a677c00217dd6 10.1007/978-981-287-420-7_14]
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Anspal S. (2015) "Gender wage gap in Estonia: A non parametric decomposition", Baltic Journal of Economics, 15(1), pp. 1-16. Baltic International Centre for Economic Policy Studies. DOI: [https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84947061569&doi=10.1080%2f1406099X.2015.1022436&partnerID=40&md5=3233134c34fe003d9fa82ab73ef25179 10.1080/1406099X.2015.1022436]
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Pouliakas K.; Theodossiou I. (2013) "the economics of health and safety at work: An interdiciplinary review of the theory and policy", Journal of Economic Surveys, 27(1), pp. 167-208. . DOI: [https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84872170115&doi=10.1111%2fj.1467-6419.2011.00699.x&partnerID=40&md5=36a7a8e53ba2c06f3c1d7556de438fdb 10.1111/j.1467-6419.2011.00699.x]
Schrover M.; van der Leun J.; Quispel C. (2007) "Niches, labour market segregation, ethnicity and gender", Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 33(4), pp. 529-540. . DOI: [htttp://doi.org/10.1080/13691830701265404 10.1080/13691830701265404]


McCann R.J.; Trokhimtchouk M. (2009) "Optimal partition of a large labor force into working pairs", Economic Theory, 42(2), pp. 375-395. . DOI: [https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-75749088069&doi=10.1007%2fs00199-008-0420-2&partnerID=40&md5=fa4f39ad0e16a2c6d4de442391d1c705 10.1007/s00199-008-0420-2]
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Barr T. (2009) "With friends like these: Endogenous labor market segregation with homogeneous, nonprejudiced agents", American Journal of Economics and Sociology, 68(3), pp. 703-746. . DOI: [https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-67650290857&doi=10.1111%2fj.1536-7150.2009.00647.x&partnerID=40&md5=03db58a601dee38c0ce2f08189648066 10.1111/j.1536-7150.2009.00647.x]
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Frederiksen A. (2008) "Gender differences in job separation rates and employment stability: New evidence from employer employee data", Labour Economics, 15(5), pp. 915-937. . DOI: [https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-51149119079&doi=10.1016%2fj.labeco.2007.07.010&partnerID=40&md5=5a5568f956905ba7051163fac3d38c29 10.1016/j.labeco.2007.07.010]
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Simón H.; Sanromá E.; Ramos R. (2008) "Labour segregation and immigrant and native born wage distributions in Spain: An analysis using matched employer employee data", Spanish Economic Review, 10(2), pp. 135-168. . DOI: [https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-44649183424&doi=10.1007%2fs10108-007-9035-1&partnerID=40&md5=abaa42b83b9184218f05b3c3850a7c50 10.1007/s10108-007-9035-1]
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Zhao Z. (2005) "Migration, labor market flexibility, and wage determination in China: A review", Developing Economies, 43(2), pp. 285-312. Institute of Developing Economies. DOI: [https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-22144464503&doi=10.1111%2fj.1746-1049.2005.tb00263.x&partnerID=40&md5=43840e2c82c2f3effa8e6cd8b2f60962 10.1111/j.1746-1049.2005.tb00263.x]
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Wang Y.; Cheng C.; Bian Y. (2018) "More than double jeopardy: An intersectional analysis of persistent income disadvantages of Chinese female migrant workers", Asian Journal of Women's Studies, 24(2), pp. 246-269. Taylor and Francis Ltd. DOI: [https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85047918840&doi=10.1080%2f12259276.2018.1469722&partnerID=40&md5=994372151db618a430bd634a62225dea 10.1080/12259276.2018.1469722]
Haussmann S.; Golgher A.B. (2016) "Shrinking gender wage gaps in the Brazilian labor market: An application of the APC approach; [Diminuição do hiato salarial entre gêneros no mercado de trabalho Brasileiro: Uma aplicação da abordagem IPC]", Nova Economia, 26(2), pp. 429-464. Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais. DOI: [htttp://doi.org/10.1590/0103-6351/2680 10.1590/0103-6351/2680]


Bergh A. (2017) "Explaining the labor market gaps between immigrants and natives in the OECD", Migration Letters, 14(2), pp. 251-262. Transnational Press London Ltd. DOI: [https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85018986821&partnerID=40&md5=62152d8cfd8535898ec176546d279f17 ]
Bergh A. (2017) "Explaining the labor market gaps between immigrants and natives in the OECD", Migration Letters, 14(2), pp. 251-262. Transnational Press London Ltd. DOI: [htttp://doi.org/ ]


Stovel K.; Fountain C. (2017) "Matching", The Oxford Handbook of Analytical Sociology, 365-390. Oxford University Press. DOI: [https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84888872218&doi=10.1093%2foxfordhb%2f9780199215362.013.16&partnerID=40&md5=f5665a0d27d8573fb7480bf9d559c9d2 10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199215362.013.16]
Stovel K.; Fountain C. (2017) "Matching", The Oxford Handbook of Analytical Sociology, 365-390. Oxford University Press. DOI: [htttp://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199215362.013.16 10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199215362.013.16]


Campomori F.; Caponio T. (2015) "Immigration and social inequalities: Italian integration policies revisited", Politiche Sociali, 2(1), pp. 43-58. Societa Editrice il Mulino. DOI: [https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84982870509&doi=10.7389%2f79534&partnerID=40&md5=12b2d138d65ffcc23682458513af9d35 10.7389/79534]
Wang Y.; Cheng C.; Bian Y. (2018) "More than double jeopardy: An intersectional analysis of persistent income disadvantages of Chinese female migrant workers", Asian Journal of Women's Studies, 24(2), pp. 246-269. Taylor and Francis Ltd. DOI: [htttp://doi.org/10.1080/12259276.2018.1469722 10.1080/12259276.2018.1469722]


Fernández-Macías E.; Grande R.; del Rey Poveda A.; Antón J.-I. (2015) "Employment and Occupational Mobility among Recently Arrived Immigrants: The Spanish Case 1997 2007", Population Research and Policy Review, 34(2), pp. 243-277. Kluwer Academic Publishers. DOI: [https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84925507188&doi=10.1007%2fs11113-014-9347-4&partnerID=40&md5=706ad30dc3443bebdf88f6110efb11c0 10.1007/s11113-014-9347-4]
Herrera C.; Dijkstra G.; Ruben R. (2019) "Gender Segregation and Income Differences in Nicaragua", Feminist Economics, 25(3), pp. 144-170. Routledge. DOI: [htttp://doi.org/10.1080/13545701.2019.1567931 10.1080/13545701.2019.1567931]


Chadderton C.; Wischmann A. (2014) "Racialised norms in apprenticeship systems in England and Germany", Journal of Vocational Education and Training, 66(3), pp. 330-347. Routledge. DOI: [https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84902706793&doi=10.1080%2f13636820.2014.917693&partnerID=40&md5=e873c4399d186b81c4c4f57ac5441c4c 10.1080/13636820.2014.917693]
Li X. (2019) "Global market and income gaps between industries: evidence from finance industry and manufacturing industry", Journal of Chinese Sociology, 6(1), pp. -. Springer. DOI: [htttp://doi.org/10.1186/s40711-019-0103-3 10.1186/s40711-019-0103-3]


Cheng Z.; Guo F.; Hugo G.; Yuan X. (2013) "Employment and wage discrimination in the Chinese cities: A comparative study of migrants and locals", Habitat International, 39(), pp. 246-255. Elsevier Ltd. DOI: [https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84873733522&doi=10.1016%2fj.habitatint.2012.11.007&partnerID=40&md5=e33a5e885e35c85ec6b308064bbbabe2 10.1016/j.habitatint.2012.11.007]
Barbieri P.; Cutuli G.; Guetto R.; Scherer S. (2019) "Part time employment as a way to increase women’s employment: (Where) does it work?", International Journal of Comparative Sociology, 60(4), pp. 249-268. SAGE Publications Ltd. DOI: [htttp://doi.org/10.1177/0020715219849463 10.1177/0020715219849463]


Gittell M. (2012) "The effect of geography, education and labor market segregation on women's economic status in New York State", Activist Scholar: Selected Works of Marilyn Gittell, 79-116. SAGE Publications Inc.. DOI: [https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84951056871&doi=10.4135%2f9781452243993.n4&partnerID=40&md5=c1f42bc98b5ccc70befeef2bc089dbfe 10.4135/9781452243993.n4]
Bueno X.; Vidal-Coso E. (2019) "Vulnerability of Latin American Migrant Families Headed by Women in Spain During the Great Recession: A Couple Level Analysis", Journal of Family Issues, 40(1), pp. 111-138. SAGE Publications Inc.. DOI: [htttp://doi.org/10.1177/0192513X18804584 10.1177/0192513X18804584]


Napari S. (2008) "The early career gender wage gap among University graduates in the finnish private sector", Labour, 22(4), pp. 697-733. . DOI: [https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-56449101024&doi=10.1111%2fj.1467-9914.2008.00429.x&partnerID=40&md5=f69d1aab28c9787cbf1e802bc15914ad 10.1111/j.1467-9914.2008.00429.x]
Ellingsæter A.L.; Kitterød R.H.; Østbakken K.M. (2020) "Immigrants and the ‘caring father’: Inequality in access to and utilisation of parental leave in Norway", Ethnicities, 20(5), pp. 959-982. SAGE Publications Ltd. DOI: [htttp://doi.org/10.1177/1468796819890109 10.1177/1468796819890109]


Krieg E.J. (2005) "Race and environmental justice in Buffalo, NY: A ZIP code and historical analysis of ecological hazards", Society and Natural Resources, 18(3), pp. 199-213. . DOI: [https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-16344382590&doi=10.1080%2f08941920590908015&partnerID=40&md5=be7c06a7b1a4db9aecdda0dbd2c0401e 10.1080/08941920590908015]
Tonoyan V.; Strohmeyer R.; Jennings J.E. (2020) "Gender Gaps in Perceived Start up Ease: Implications of Sex based Labor Market Segregation for Entrepreneurship across 22 European Countries", Administrative Science Quarterly, 65(1), pp. 181-225. SAGE Publications Ltd. DOI: [htttp://doi.org/10.1177/0001839219835867 10.1177/0001839219835867]


Parks V. (2004) "The gendered connection between ethnic residential and labor market segregation in los angeles", Urban Geography, 25(7), pp. 589-630. . DOI: [https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-18744368144&doi=10.2747%2f0272-3638.25.7.589&partnerID=40&md5=f0a0d6fd5cafefffffef66cc14107d00 10.2747/0272-3638.25.7.589]
Ibáñez M.; Vicente M.R. (2020) "Occupational segregation by sex in Spain 2001 2011: Ten years without progress; [La segregación ocupacional por sexo. Evolución en España 2001 2011: Diez años de caminar sin avanzar]", Revista Espanola de Investigaciones Sociologicas, 171(), pp. 43-62. Centro de Investigaciones Sociologicas. DOI: [htttp://doi.org/10.5477/cis/reis.171.43 10.5477/cis/reis.171.43]


Gottschall K.; Bird K. (2003) "Family leave policies and labor market segregation in Germany: Reinvention or reform of the male breadwinner model?", Review of Policy Research, 20(1), pp. 115-134. Blackwell Publishing Inc.. DOI: [https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0042785793&doi=10.1111%2f1541-1338.d01-7&partnerID=40&md5=f3fdf5c649561065adc689d7c5191987 10.1111/1541-1338.d01-7]
Bertoli S.; Ozden C.; Packard M. (2021) "Segregation and internal mobility of Syrian refugees in Turkey: Evidence from mobile phone data", Journal of Development Economics, 152(), pp. -. Elsevier B.V.. DOI: [htttp://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdeveco.2021.102704 10.1016/j.jdeveco.2021.102704]


Forsberg G. (1998) "Regional variations in the gender contract: gendered relations in labour markets, local politics and everyday life in Swedish regions", Innovation, 11(2), pp. 191-209. Carfax Publishing Company. DOI: [https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0031689465&doi=10.1080%2f13511610.1998.9968561&partnerID=40&md5=0e66afcaafd57f7b8aaa91832d233d0a 10.1080/13511610.1998.9968561]
Dowie G.; de Haan A.; Grantham K. (2021) "Women's Economic Empowerment: Insights from Africa and South Asia", Women's Economic Empowerment: Insights from Africa and South Asia, 1-268. Taylor and Francis. DOI: [htttp://doi.org/10.4324/9781003141938 10.4324/9781003141938]


Medrano J.D. (1994) "The effects of ethnic segregation and ethnic competition on political mobilization in the Basque country, 1988", American Sociological Review, 59(6), pp. 873-889. . DOI: [https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0028570447&doi=10.2307%2f2096373&partnerID=40&md5=9859862689c9d124bd60a152f2e8bdf8 10.2307/2096373]
Wicht A.; Siembab M. (2022) "Ethnic Differences in Gender Typical Occupational Orientations Among Adolescents in Germany", Social Inclusion, 10(2), pp. 290-301. Cogitatio Press. DOI: [htttp://doi.org/10.17645/si.v10i2.5092 10.17645/si.v10i2.5092]


Semyonov M. (1988) "Bi ethnic labor markets, mono ethnic labor markets, and socioeconomic inequality", American Sociological Review, 53(2), pp. 256-266. . DOI: [https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0024161949&doi=10.2307%2f2095691&partnerID=40&md5=52931355815ddaa594c0f879985de6a0 10.2307/2095691]
Webster N.A.; Zhang Q. (2022) "Intersectional understandings of the role and meaning of platform mediated work in the pandemic Swedish welfare state", Digital Geography and Society, 3(), pp. -. Elsevier Ltd. DOI: [htttp://doi.org/10.1016/j.diggeo.2021.100025 10.1016/j.diggeo.2021.100025]

Revision as of 17:42, 8 April 2024

Date and country of first publication[1]

1988
Israel

Definition
At its current state, this definition has been generated by a Large Language Model (LLM) so far without review by an independent researcher or a member of the curating team of segregation experts that keep the Segregation Wiki online. While we strive for accuracy, we cannot guarantee its reliability, completeness and timeliness. Please use this content with caution and verify information as needed. Also, feel free to improve on the definition as you see fit, including the use of references and other informational resources. We value your input in enhancing the quality and accuracy of the definitions of segregation forms collectively offered in the Segregation Wiki ©.

Labor market segregation refers to the unequal and discriminatory distribution of individuals into different types of jobs or sectors based on characteristics such as gender, race, ethnicity, or age. This segregation can result in certain groups of people being concentrated in low-paying, low-skilled jobs with limited opportunities for advancement, while other groups have better access to higher-paying, more prestigious positions. This can contribute to inequalities in income, career opportunities, and overall quality of life for marginalized groups. Efforts to address labor market segregation often involve policies and initiatives aimed at promoting diversity, inclusion, and equal opportunity in the workforce.

See also

References

Notes

  1. Date and country of first publication as informed by the Scopus database (December 2023).

Further reading

Semyonov M. (1988) "Bi ethnic labor markets, mono ethnic labor markets, and socioeconomic inequality", American Sociological Review, 53(2), pp. 256-266. . DOI: [htttp://doi.org/10.2307/2095691 10.2307/2095691]

Neuman S.; Silber J. (1994) "The econometrics of labor market segregation and discrimination", Journal of Econometrics, 61(1), pp. 1-4. . DOI: [htttp://doi.org/10.1016/0304-4076(94)90073-6 10.1016/0304-4076(94)90073-6]

Medrano J.D. (1994) "The effects of ethnic segregation and ethnic competition on political mobilization in the Basque country, 1988", American Sociological Review, 59(6), pp. 873-889. . DOI: [htttp://doi.org/10.2307/2096373 10.2307/2096373]

Glebe G. (1997) "Urban economic restructuring and ethnic segregation in Dusseldorf", Tijdschrift voor Economische en Sociale Geografie, 88(2), pp. 147-157. . DOI: [htttp://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9663.1997.tb01593.x 10.1111/j.1467-9663.1997.tb01593.x]

Zhao Y. (1997) "Labor migration and returns to rural education in China", American Journal of Agricultural Economics, 79(4), pp. 1278-1287. Oxford University Press. DOI: [htttp://doi.org/10.2307/1244284 10.2307/1244284]

Forsberg G. (1998) "Regional variations in the gender contract: gendered relations in labour markets, local politics and everyday life in Swedish regions", Innovation, 11(2), pp. 191-209. Carfax Publishing Company. DOI: [htttp://doi.org/10.1080/13511610.1998.9968561 10.1080/13511610.1998.9968561]

Vahed G. (2001) "Race of class? Community and conflict amongst Indian municipal employees in Durban, 1914 1949", Journal of Southern African Studies, 27(1), pp. 105-125. . DOI: [htttp://doi.org/10.1080/03057070120029527 10.1080/03057070120029527]

Meyersson Milgrom E.M.; Petersen T.; Snartland V. (2001) "Equal pay for equal work? Evidence from Sweden and a comparison with Norway and the U.S.", Scandinavian Journal of Economics, 103(4), pp. 559-583. Blackwell Publishing Ltd. DOI: [htttp://doi.org/10.1111/1467-9442.00260 10.1111/1467-9442.00260]

Gottschall K.; Bird K. (2003) "Family leave policies and labor market segregation in Germany: Reinvention or reform of the male breadwinner model?", Review of Policy Research, 20(1), pp. 115-134. Blackwell Publishing Inc.. DOI: [htttp://doi.org/10.1111/1541-1338.d01-7 10.1111/1541-1338.d01-7]

Kreimer M. (2004) "Labour market segregation and the gender based division of labour", European Journal of Women's Studies, 11(2), pp. 223-246. . DOI: [htttp://doi.org/10.1177/1350506804042097 10.1177/1350506804042097]

Parks V. (2004) "The gendered connection between ethnic residential and labor market segregation in los angeles", Urban Geography, 25(7), pp. 589-630. . DOI: [htttp://doi.org/10.2747/0272-3638.25.7.589 10.2747/0272-3638.25.7.589]

Zhao Z. (2005) "Migration, labor market flexibility, and wage determination in China: A review", Developing Economies, 43(2), pp. 285-312. Institute of Developing Economies. DOI: [htttp://doi.org/10.1111/j.1746-1049.2005.tb00263.x 10.1111/j.1746-1049.2005.tb00263.x]

Krieg E.J. (2005) "Race and environmental justice in Buffalo, NY: A ZIP code and historical analysis of ecological hazards", Society and Natural Resources, 18(3), pp. 199-213. . DOI: [htttp://doi.org/10.1080/08941920590908015 10.1080/08941920590908015]

Bastia T. (2007) "From mining to garment workshops: Bolivian migrants in Buenos Aires", Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 33(4), pp. 655-669. . DOI: [htttp://doi.org/10.1080/13691830701265628 10.1080/13691830701265628]

Schrover M.; van der Leun J.; Quispel C. (2007) "Niches, labour market segregation, ethnicity and gender", Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 33(4), pp. 529-540. . DOI: [htttp://doi.org/10.1080/13691830701265404 10.1080/13691830701265404]

Frederiksen A. (2008) "Gender differences in job separation rates and employment stability: New evidence from employer employee data", Labour Economics, 15(5), pp. 915-937. . DOI: [htttp://doi.org/10.1016/j.labeco.2007.07.010 10.1016/j.labeco.2007.07.010]

Simón H.; Sanromá E.; Ramos R. (2008) "Labour segregation and immigrant and native born wage distributions in Spain: An analysis using matched employer employee data", Spanish Economic Review, 10(2), pp. 135-168. . DOI: [htttp://doi.org/10.1007/s10108-007-9035-1 10.1007/s10108-007-9035-1]

Napari S. (2008) "The early career gender wage gap among University graduates in the finnish private sector", Labour, 22(4), pp. 697-733. . DOI: [htttp://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9914.2008.00429.x 10.1111/j.1467-9914.2008.00429.x]

McCann R.J.; Trokhimtchouk M. (2009) "Optimal partition of a large labor force into working pairs", Economic Theory, 42(2), pp. 375-395. . DOI: [htttp://doi.org/10.1007/s00199-008-0420-2 10.1007/s00199-008-0420-2]

Barr T. (2009) "With friends like these: Endogenous labor market segregation with homogeneous, nonprejudiced agents", American Journal of Economics and Sociology, 68(3), pp. 703-746. . DOI: [htttp://doi.org/10.1111/j.1536-7150.2009.00647.x 10.1111/j.1536-7150.2009.00647.x]

Gittell M. (2009) "The Effect of Geography, Education and Labor Market Segregation on Women’s Economic Status in New York State", American Behavioral Scientist, 53(2), pp. 193-222. . DOI: [htttp://doi.org/10.1177/0002764209338808 10.1177/0002764209338808]

Gittell M. (2012) "The effect of geography, education and labor market segregation on women's economic status in New York State", Activist Scholar: Selected Works of Marilyn Gittell, 79-116. SAGE Publications Inc.. DOI: [htttp://doi.org/10.4135/9781452243993.n4 10.4135/9781452243993.n4]

Vihalemm T.; Hogan-Brun G. (2013) "Language policies and practices across the Baltic: Processes, challenges and prospects", European Journal of Applied Linguistics, 1(1), pp. 55-82. Walter de Gruyter GmbH. DOI: [htttp://doi.org/10.1515/eujal-2013-0004 10.1515/eujal-2013-0004]

Pouliakas K.; Theodossiou I. (2013) "the economics of health and safety at work: An interdiciplinary review of the theory and policy", Journal of Economic Surveys, 27(1), pp. 167-208. . DOI: [htttp://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6419.2011.00699.x 10.1111/j.1467-6419.2011.00699.x]

Cheng Z.; Guo F.; Hugo G.; Yuan X. (2013) "Employment and wage discrimination in the Chinese cities: A comparative study of migrants and locals", Habitat International, 39(), pp. 246-255. Elsevier Ltd. DOI: [htttp://doi.org/10.1016/j.habitatint.2012.11.007 10.1016/j.habitatint.2012.11.007]

Chadderton C.; Wischmann A. (2014) "Racialised norms in apprenticeship systems in England and Germany", Journal of Vocational Education and Training, 66(3), pp. 330-347. Routledge. DOI: [htttp://doi.org/10.1080/13636820.2014.917693 10.1080/13636820.2014.917693]

Motellón E.; López-Bazo E. (2015) "Job Loss Among Immigrant and Native Workers: Evidence from Spain’s Economic Downturn", Social Indicators Research, 120(2), pp. 345-371. Kluwer Academic Publishers. DOI: [htttp://doi.org/10.1007/s11205-014-0596-8 10.1007/s11205-014-0596-8]

Huynh P.; Kapsos S. (2015) "Economic class and labour market segregation: Poor and middle class workers in developing Asia and the Pacific", Economic Studies in Inequality, Social Exclusion and Well-Being, 257-279. Springer. DOI: [htttp://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-287-420-7_14 10.1007/978-981-287-420-7_14]

Anspal S. (2015) "Gender wage gap in Estonia: A non parametric decomposition", Baltic Journal of Economics, 15(1), pp. 1-16. Baltic International Centre for Economic Policy Studies. DOI: [htttp://doi.org/10.1080/1406099X.2015.1022436 10.1080/1406099X.2015.1022436]

Campomori F.; Caponio T. (2015) "Immigration and social inequalities: Italian integration policies revisited", Politiche Sociali, 2(1), pp. 43-58. Societa Editrice il Mulino. DOI: [htttp://doi.org/10.7389/79534 10.7389/79534]

Fernández-Macías E.; Grande R.; del Rey Poveda A.; Antón J.-I. (2015) "Employment and Occupational Mobility among Recently Arrived Immigrants: The Spanish Case 1997 2007", Population Research and Policy Review, 34(2), pp. 243-277. Kluwer Academic Publishers. DOI: [htttp://doi.org/10.1007/s11113-014-9347-4 10.1007/s11113-014-9347-4]

Haussmann S.; Golgher A.B. (2016) "Shrinking gender wage gaps in the Brazilian labor market: An application of the APC approach; [Diminuição do hiato salarial entre gêneros no mercado de trabalho Brasileiro: Uma aplicação da abordagem IPC]", Nova Economia, 26(2), pp. 429-464. Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais. DOI: [htttp://doi.org/10.1590/0103-6351/2680 10.1590/0103-6351/2680]

Bergh A. (2017) "Explaining the labor market gaps between immigrants and natives in the OECD", Migration Letters, 14(2), pp. 251-262. Transnational Press London Ltd. DOI: [htttp://doi.org/ ]

Stovel K.; Fountain C. (2017) "Matching", The Oxford Handbook of Analytical Sociology, 365-390. Oxford University Press. DOI: [htttp://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199215362.013.16 10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199215362.013.16]

Wang Y.; Cheng C.; Bian Y. (2018) "More than double jeopardy: An intersectional analysis of persistent income disadvantages of Chinese female migrant workers", Asian Journal of Women's Studies, 24(2), pp. 246-269. Taylor and Francis Ltd. DOI: [htttp://doi.org/10.1080/12259276.2018.1469722 10.1080/12259276.2018.1469722]

Herrera C.; Dijkstra G.; Ruben R. (2019) "Gender Segregation and Income Differences in Nicaragua", Feminist Economics, 25(3), pp. 144-170. Routledge. DOI: [htttp://doi.org/10.1080/13545701.2019.1567931 10.1080/13545701.2019.1567931]

Li X. (2019) "Global market and income gaps between industries: evidence from finance industry and manufacturing industry", Journal of Chinese Sociology, 6(1), pp. -. Springer. DOI: [htttp://doi.org/10.1186/s40711-019-0103-3 10.1186/s40711-019-0103-3]

Barbieri P.; Cutuli G.; Guetto R.; Scherer S. (2019) "Part time employment as a way to increase women’s employment: (Where) does it work?", International Journal of Comparative Sociology, 60(4), pp. 249-268. SAGE Publications Ltd. DOI: [htttp://doi.org/10.1177/0020715219849463 10.1177/0020715219849463]

Bueno X.; Vidal-Coso E. (2019) "Vulnerability of Latin American Migrant Families Headed by Women in Spain During the Great Recession: A Couple Level Analysis", Journal of Family Issues, 40(1), pp. 111-138. SAGE Publications Inc.. DOI: [htttp://doi.org/10.1177/0192513X18804584 10.1177/0192513X18804584]

Ellingsæter A.L.; Kitterød R.H.; Østbakken K.M. (2020) "Immigrants and the ‘caring father’: Inequality in access to and utilisation of parental leave in Norway", Ethnicities, 20(5), pp. 959-982. SAGE Publications Ltd. DOI: [htttp://doi.org/10.1177/1468796819890109 10.1177/1468796819890109]

Tonoyan V.; Strohmeyer R.; Jennings J.E. (2020) "Gender Gaps in Perceived Start up Ease: Implications of Sex based Labor Market Segregation for Entrepreneurship across 22 European Countries", Administrative Science Quarterly, 65(1), pp. 181-225. SAGE Publications Ltd. DOI: [htttp://doi.org/10.1177/0001839219835867 10.1177/0001839219835867]

Ibáñez M.; Vicente M.R. (2020) "Occupational segregation by sex in Spain 2001 2011: Ten years without progress; [La segregación ocupacional por sexo. Evolución en España 2001 2011: Diez años de caminar sin avanzar]", Revista Espanola de Investigaciones Sociologicas, 171(), pp. 43-62. Centro de Investigaciones Sociologicas. DOI: [htttp://doi.org/10.5477/cis/reis.171.43 10.5477/cis/reis.171.43]

Bertoli S.; Ozden C.; Packard M. (2021) "Segregation and internal mobility of Syrian refugees in Turkey: Evidence from mobile phone data", Journal of Development Economics, 152(), pp. -. Elsevier B.V.. DOI: [htttp://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdeveco.2021.102704 10.1016/j.jdeveco.2021.102704]

Dowie G.; de Haan A.; Grantham K. (2021) "Women's Economic Empowerment: Insights from Africa and South Asia", Women's Economic Empowerment: Insights from Africa and South Asia, 1-268. Taylor and Francis. DOI: [htttp://doi.org/10.4324/9781003141938 10.4324/9781003141938]

Wicht A.; Siembab M. (2022) "Ethnic Differences in Gender Typical Occupational Orientations Among Adolescents in Germany", Social Inclusion, 10(2), pp. 290-301. Cogitatio Press. DOI: [htttp://doi.org/10.17645/si.v10i2.5092 10.17645/si.v10i2.5092]

Webster N.A.; Zhang Q. (2022) "Intersectional understandings of the role and meaning of platform mediated work in the pandemic Swedish welfare state", Digital Geography and Society, 3(), pp. -. Elsevier Ltd. DOI: [htttp://doi.org/10.1016/j.diggeo.2021.100025 10.1016/j.diggeo.2021.100025]