Jim crow segregation: Difference between revisions
(Creating page) |
(Creating page) |
||
| Line 3: | Line 3: | ||
None | None | ||
====== Definition ====== | ====== Definition ====== | ||
Jim Crow segregation refers to the system of racial segregation and discrimination that was implemented in the southern United States following the Reconstruction Era. Named after a popular minstrel character that depicted African Americans in a derogatory manner, Jim Crow laws enforced racial segregation in public spaces such as schools, restaurants, buses, and water fountains. These laws also restricted voting rights and economic opportunities for African Americans, essentially creating a separate and unequal society. | Jim Crow segregation refers to the system of racial segregation and discrimination that was implemented in the southern United States following the Reconstruction Era. Named after a popular minstrel character that depicted African Americans in a derogatory manner, Jim Crow laws enforced racial segregation in public spaces such as schools, restaurants, buses, and water fountains. These laws also restricted voting rights and economic opportunities for African Americans, essentially creating a separate and unequal society. | ||
| Line 12: | Line 11: | ||
==Notes== | ==Notes== | ||
<references /> | <references /> | ||
{{NoteAI}} | |||
==Further reading== | ==Further reading== | ||
Wilson W.J. (1976) "Class conflict and jim crow segregation in the postbellum south", Sociological Perspectives, 19(4), pp. 431-446. . DOI: [ | Wilson W.J. (1976) "Class conflict and jim crow segregation in the postbellum south", Sociological Perspectives, 19(4), pp. 431-446. . DOI: [https://doi.org/10.2307/1388831 10.2307/1388831] | ||
Digby-Junger R. (1998) "The guardian, crisis, messenger, and negro world : The early 20th century black radical press", Howard Journal of Communications, 9(3), pp. 263-282. . DOI: [ | Digby-Junger R. (1998) "The guardian, crisis, messenger, and negro world : The early 20th century black radical press", Howard Journal of Communications, 9(3), pp. 263-282. . DOI: [https://doi.org/10.1080/106461798247023 10.1080/106461798247023] | ||
Golub M. (2005) "Plessy as "passing": Judicial responses to ambiguously raced bodies in Plessy v. Ferguson", Law and Society Review, 39(3), pp. 563-600. . DOI: [ | Golub M. (2005) "Plessy as "passing": Judicial responses to ambiguously raced bodies in Plessy v. Ferguson", Law and Society Review, 39(3), pp. 563-600. . DOI: [https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-5893.2005.00234.x 10.1111/j.1540-5893.2005.00234.x] | ||
Wacquant L. (2005) "Race as civic felony", International Social Science Journal, 57(183), pp. 127-142. Blackwell Publishing Ltd. DOI: [ | Wacquant L. (2005) "Race as civic felony", International Social Science Journal, 57(183), pp. 127-142. Blackwell Publishing Ltd. DOI: [https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0020-8701.2005.00536.x 10.1111/j.0020-8701.2005.00536.x] | ||
O'Brien W. (2007) "The strange career of a Florida State Park: Uncovering a Jim Crow past", Historical Geography, 35(), pp. 160-184. . DOI: [ | O'Brien W. (2007) "The strange career of a Florida State Park: Uncovering a Jim Crow past", Historical Geography, 35(), pp. 160-184. . DOI: [https://doi.org/ ] | ||
Wallach J.J. (2008) "Closer to the truth than any fact: Memoir, memory, and jim crow", Closer to the Truth Than Any Fact: Memoir, Memory, and Jim Crow, 1-176. University of Georgia Press. DOI: [ | Wallach J.J. (2008) "Closer to the truth than any fact: Memoir, memory, and jim crow", Closer to the Truth Than Any Fact: Memoir, Memory, and Jim Crow, 1-176. University of Georgia Press. DOI: [https://doi.org/ ] | ||
Armitage S.; Mercier L. (2009) "1900 1920", Palgrave Studies in Oral History, 39-70. Palgrave Macmillan. DOI: [ | Armitage S.; Mercier L. (2009) "1900 1920", Palgrave Studies in Oral History, 39-70. Palgrave Macmillan. DOI: [https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-230-10491-4_3 10.1007/978-0-230-10491-4_3] | ||
Connolly N.D.B. (2009) "Timely innovations: Planes, trains and the whites only economy of a Pan American city", Urban History, 36(2), pp. 243-261. . DOI: [ | Connolly N.D.B. (2009) "Timely innovations: Planes, trains and the whites only economy of a Pan American city", Urban History, 36(2), pp. 243-261. . DOI: [https://doi.org/10.1017/S0963926809006270 10.1017/S0963926809006270] | ||
Zelden C.L. (2009) "In no event shall a Negro be eligible: The NAACP takes on the Texas all white primary, 1923 1944", Long is The Way and Hard: One Hundred Years of the NAACP, 135-153. University of Arkansas Press. DOI: [ | Zelden C.L. (2009) "In no event shall a Negro be eligible: The NAACP takes on the Texas all white primary, 1923 1944", Long is The Way and Hard: One Hundred Years of the NAACP, 135-153. University of Arkansas Press. DOI: [https://doi.org/ ] | ||
Gillespie A. (2009) "Whose black politics?: Cases in post racial black leadership", Whose Black Politics?: Cases in Post-Racial Black Leadership, 1-335. Routledge. DOI: [ | Gillespie A. (2009) "Whose black politics?: Cases in post racial black leadership", Whose Black Politics?: Cases in Post-Racial Black Leadership, 1-335. Routledge. DOI: [https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203893722 10.4324/9780203893722] | ||
K'Meyer T.E. (2009) "Civil rights in the gateway to the South: Louisville, Kentucky 1945 1980", Civil Rights in the Gateway to the South: Louisville, Kentucky 1945-1980, 1-410. University Press of Kentucky. DOI: [ | K'Meyer T.E. (2009) "Civil rights in the gateway to the South: Louisville, Kentucky 1945 1980", Civil Rights in the Gateway to the South: Louisville, Kentucky 1945-1980, 1-410. University Press of Kentucky. DOI: [https://doi.org/ ] | ||
Roxworthy E. (2010) "Nisei girls' kabuki in wartime Arkansas: Cultural segregation and cross dressing at Rohwer and Jerome", Women and Performance, 20(2), pp. 185-203. . DOI: [ | Roxworthy E. (2010) "Nisei girls' kabuki in wartime Arkansas: Cultural segregation and cross dressing at Rohwer and Jerome", Women and Performance, 20(2), pp. 185-203. . DOI: [https://doi.org/10.1080/0740770X.2010.492177 10.1080/0740770X.2010.492177] | ||
Benjamin M. (2010) "A colored authors collection to exhibit to the world and educate a race", Education and the Culture of Print in Modern America, 36-56. University of Wisconsin Press. DOI: [ | Benjamin M. (2010) "A colored authors collection to exhibit to the world and educate a race", Education and the Culture of Print in Modern America, 36-56. University of Wisconsin Press. DOI: [https://doi.org/ ] | ||
Warren K.W. (2010) "On what was African American literature?", Amerikastudien, 55(4), pp. 739-742. . DOI: [ | Warren K.W. (2010) "On what was African American literature?", Amerikastudien, 55(4), pp. 739-742. . DOI: [https://doi.org/ ] | ||
Bricker-Jenkins M.; Baptist W. (2010) "The movement to end poverty in the United States", Economic Rights in Canada and the United States, 103-117. University of Pennsylvania Press. DOI: [ | Bricker-Jenkins M.; Baptist W. (2010) "The movement to end poverty in the United States", Economic Rights in Canada and the United States, 103-117. University of Pennsylvania Press. DOI: [https://doi.org/ ] | ||
Lee J.; Bean F.D. (2010) "The diversity paradox: Immigration and the color line in twenty first century America", The Diversity Paradox: Immigration and the Color Line in Twenty-First Century America, 1-234. Russell Sage Foundation. DOI: [ | Lee J.; Bean F.D. (2010) "The diversity paradox: Immigration and the color line in twenty first century America", The Diversity Paradox: Immigration and the Color Line in Twenty-First Century America, 1-234. Russell Sage Foundation. DOI: [https://doi.org/ ] | ||
Gillespie A. (2010) "Whose Black Politics?: Cases in Post Racial Black Leadership", Whose Black Politics?: Cases in Post-Racial Black Leadership, 1-335. Taylor and Francis. DOI: [ | Gillespie A. (2010) "Whose Black Politics?: Cases in Post Racial Black Leadership", Whose Black Politics?: Cases in Post-Racial Black Leadership, 1-335. Taylor and Francis. DOI: [https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203893722 10.4324/9780203893722] | ||
Lucero B. (2011) "Racial geographies, imperial transitions: Property ownership and race relations in cienfuegos, cuba, 1894 1899", Journal of Transnational American Studies, 3(2), pp. -. . DOI: [ | Lucero B. (2011) "Racial geographies, imperial transitions: Property ownership and race relations in cienfuegos, cuba, 1894 1899", Journal of Transnational American Studies, 3(2), pp. -. . DOI: [https://doi.org/ ] | ||
Jun H.H. (2011) "Race for citizenship: Black orientalism and Asian uplift from pre emancipation to neoliberal America", Race for Citizenship: Black Orientalism and Asian Uplift from Pre-Emancipation to Neoliberal America, 1-197. New York University Press. DOI: [ | Jun H.H. (2011) "Race for citizenship: Black orientalism and Asian uplift from pre emancipation to neoliberal America", Race for Citizenship: Black Orientalism and Asian Uplift from Pre-Emancipation to Neoliberal America, 1-197. New York University Press. DOI: [https://doi.org/ ] | ||
Plastas M. (2011) "A band of noble women: Racial politics in the Women's peace movement", A band of noble women: Racial politics in the Women's peace movement, 1-322. Syracuse University Press. DOI: [ | Plastas M. (2011) "A band of noble women: Racial politics in the Women's peace movement", A band of noble women: Racial politics in the Women's peace movement, 1-322. Syracuse University Press. DOI: [https://doi.org/ ] | ||
Dowe P.F. (2011) "V.O. Key Jr.'s missing link: Black southern political culture and development", Unlocking V. O. Key Jr.: Southern Politics for the Twenty-First Century, 23-38. University of Arkansas Press. DOI: [ | Dowe P.F. (2011) "V.O. Key Jr.'s missing link: Black southern political culture and development", Unlocking V. O. Key Jr.: Southern Politics for the Twenty-First Century, 23-38. University of Arkansas Press. DOI: [https://doi.org/ ] | ||
Inwood J.F.J. (2011) "Geographies of race in the American south the continuing legacies of Jim crow segregation", Southeastern Geographer, 51(4), pp. 564-577. University of North Carolina Press. DOI: [ | Inwood J.F.J. (2011) "Geographies of race in the American south the continuing legacies of Jim crow segregation", Southeastern Geographer, 51(4), pp. 564-577. University of North Carolina Press. DOI: [https://doi.org/10.1353/sgo.2011.0033 10.1353/sgo.2011.0033] | ||
Olsson J. (2012) "Modernity Stops at Nothing: The American Chase Film and the Specter of Lynching", A Companion to Early Cinema, 257-276. Blackwell Publishing Ltd.. DOI: [ | Olsson J. (2012) "Modernity Stops at Nothing: The American Chase Film and the Specter of Lynching", A Companion to Early Cinema, 257-276. Blackwell Publishing Ltd.. DOI: [https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118274453.ch14 10.1002/9781118274453.ch14] | ||
Rowan M. (2012) "Punishing from a Sense of Innocence: An Essay on Guilt, Innocence, and Punishment in America", Critical Criminology, 20(4), pp. 377-394. . DOI: [ | Rowan M. (2012) "Punishing from a Sense of Innocence: An Essay on Guilt, Innocence, and Punishment in America", Critical Criminology, 20(4), pp. 377-394. . DOI: [https://doi.org/10.1007/s10612-012-9155-2 10.1007/s10612-012-9155-2] | ||
Jenkins R.D. (2012) "Black Fraternal Organizations: Understanding the Development of Hegemonic Masculinity and Sexuality", Journal of African American Studies, 16(2), pp. 226-235. . DOI: [ | Jenkins R.D. (2012) "Black Fraternal Organizations: Understanding the Development of Hegemonic Masculinity and Sexuality", Journal of African American Studies, 16(2), pp. 226-235. . DOI: [https://doi.org/10.1007/s12111-010-9149-7 10.1007/s12111-010-9149-7] | ||
Jurado K. (2013) ""Have we not a mind like they?": Jovita González on nation and gender", Women and Rhetoric between the Wars, 9780809331390(), pp. 209-222. Southern Illinois University Press. DOI: [ | Jurado K. (2013) ""Have we not a mind like they?": Jovita González on nation and gender", Women and Rhetoric between the Wars, 9780809331390(), pp. 209-222. Southern Illinois University Press. DOI: [https://doi.org/ ] | ||
Chakkalakal T.; Warren K.W. (2013) "Jim Crow, literature, and the legacy of Sutton E. Griggs", Jim Crow, Literature, and the Legacy of Sutton E. Griggs, 1-312. Project Muse. DOI: [ | Chakkalakal T.; Warren K.W. (2013) "Jim Crow, literature, and the legacy of Sutton E. Griggs", Jim Crow, Literature, and the Legacy of Sutton E. Griggs, 1-312. Project Muse. DOI: [https://doi.org/ ] | ||
Topping S. (2013) "The Dusky Doughboys: Interaction between African American soldiers and the population of Northern Ireland during the second world war", Journal of American Studies, 47(4), pp. 1131-1154. Cambridge University Press. DOI: [ | Topping S. (2013) "The Dusky Doughboys: Interaction between African American soldiers and the population of Northern Ireland during the second world war", Journal of American Studies, 47(4), pp. 1131-1154. Cambridge University Press. DOI: [https://doi.org/10.1017/S0021875812001764 10.1017/S0021875812001764] | ||
Harris L. (2014) "The "Commonwealth of virginia vs. Virginia Christian": Southern black women, crime & punishment in progressive era Virginia", Journal of Social History, 47(4), pp. 922-942. Oxford University Press. DOI: [ | Harris L. (2014) "The "Commonwealth of virginia vs. Virginia Christian": Southern black women, crime & punishment in progressive era Virginia", Journal of Social History, 47(4), pp. 922-942. Oxford University Press. DOI: [https://doi.org/10.1093/jsh/shu024 10.1093/jsh/shu024] | ||
Wuthnow R. (2014) "Rough country: How Texas became America's most powerful Bible belt state", Rough Country: How Texas Became America's Most Powerful Bible-Belt State, 1-654. Princeton University Press. DOI: [ | Wuthnow R. (2014) "Rough country: How Texas became America's most powerful Bible belt state", Rough Country: How Texas Became America's Most Powerful Bible-Belt State, 1-654. Princeton University Press. DOI: [https://doi.org/ ] | ||
Potter S. (2014) "Everybody else: Adoption and the politics of domestic diversity in postwar America", Everybody Else: Adoption and the Politics of Domestic Diversity in Postwar America, 1-254. University of Georgia. DOI: [ | Potter S. (2014) "Everybody else: Adoption and the politics of domestic diversity in postwar America", Everybody Else: Adoption and the Politics of Domestic Diversity in Postwar America, 1-254. University of Georgia. DOI: [https://doi.org/ ] | ||
Strauss D.A. (2014) "The Neo Hamiltonian temptation", Yale Law Journal, 123(8), pp. 2676-2697. Yale Law Journal. DOI: [ | Strauss D.A. (2014) "The Neo Hamiltonian temptation", Yale Law Journal, 123(8), pp. 2676-2697. Yale Law Journal. DOI: [https://doi.org/ ] | ||
Lamm K. (2015) "Between the open and the hidden: Clothing, segregation, and the feminine counter archive in the photographs of Gordon Parks", Critical Arts, 29(), pp. 134-149. Routledge. DOI: [ | Lamm K. (2015) "Between the open and the hidden: Clothing, segregation, and the feminine counter archive in the photographs of Gordon Parks", Critical Arts, 29(), pp. 134-149. Routledge. DOI: [https://doi.org/10.1080/02560046.2015.1102266 10.1080/02560046.2015.1102266] | ||
Nunn E. (2015) "Sounding the color line: Music and race in the Southern imagination", Sounding the Color Line: Music and Race in the Southern Imagination, 1-216. University of Georgia Press. DOI: [ | Nunn E. (2015) "Sounding the color line: Music and race in the Southern imagination", Sounding the Color Line: Music and Race in the Southern Imagination, 1-216. University of Georgia Press. DOI: [https://doi.org/ ] | ||
Kiesel D. (2015) "She can bring us home: Dr. Dorothy Boulding Ferebee, civil rights pioneer", She Can Bring us Home: Dr. Dorothy Boulding Ferebee, Civil Rights Pioneer, 1-383. Potomac Books. DOI: [ | Kiesel D. (2015) "She can bring us home: Dr. Dorothy Boulding Ferebee, civil rights pioneer", She Can Bring us Home: Dr. Dorothy Boulding Ferebee, Civil Rights Pioneer, 1-383. Potomac Books. DOI: [https://doi.org/ ] | ||
Andrews K.T.; Beyerlein K.; Farnum T.T. (2016) "The legitimacy of protest: Explaining white southerners' attitudes toward the civil rights movement", Social Forces, 94(3), pp. 1021-1044. Oxford University Press. DOI: [ | Andrews K.T.; Beyerlein K.; Farnum T.T. (2016) "The legitimacy of protest: Explaining white southerners' attitudes toward the civil rights movement", Social Forces, 94(3), pp. 1021-1044. Oxford University Press. DOI: [https://doi.org/10.1093/sf/sov097 10.1093/sf/sov097] | ||
Stephens R.J. (2016) "Where else did they copy their styles but from church groups?: Rock 'n' Roll and Pentecostalism in the 1950s South", Church History, 85(1), pp. 97-131. Cambridge University Press. DOI: [ | Stephens R.J. (2016) "Where else did they copy their styles but from church groups?: Rock 'n' Roll and Pentecostalism in the 1950s South", Church History, 85(1), pp. 97-131. Cambridge University Press. DOI: [https://doi.org/10.1017/S0009640715001365 10.1017/S0009640715001365] | ||
Herbert A. (2016) "Martin Luther King Jr. Identity Is Key", SpringerBriefs on Key Thinkers in Education, 1-14. Springer. DOI: [ | Herbert A. (2016) "Martin Luther King Jr. Identity Is Key", SpringerBriefs on Key Thinkers in Education, 1-14. Springer. DOI: [https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-39235-6_1 10.1007/978-3-319-39235-6_1] | ||
Hernández T.K. (2016) "Envisioning the United States in the Latin American myth of ‘racial democracy mestizaje’", Latin American and Caribbean Ethnic Studies, 11(2), pp. 189-205. Routledge. DOI: [ | Hernández T.K. (2016) "Envisioning the United States in the Latin American myth of ‘racial democracy mestizaje’", Latin American and Caribbean Ethnic Studies, 11(2), pp. 189-205. Routledge. DOI: [https://doi.org/10.1080/17442222.2016.1170953 10.1080/17442222.2016.1170953] | ||
Hughes S.M. (2017) "Walking the tightrope between racial stereotypes and respectability: images of African American and Native American artists in the golden age of the circus", Early Popular Visual Culture, 15(3), pp. 315-333. Routledge. DOI: [ | Hughes S.M. (2017) "Walking the tightrope between racial stereotypes and respectability: images of African American and Native American artists in the golden age of the circus", Early Popular Visual Culture, 15(3), pp. 315-333. Routledge. DOI: [https://doi.org/10.1080/17460654.2017.1383028 10.1080/17460654.2017.1383028] | ||
Robinson S. (2017) "African American citizenship, the 1883. Civil Rights Cases and the creation of the Jim Crow South", History, 102(350), pp. 225-241. Blackwell Publishing Ltd. DOI: [ | Robinson S. (2017) "African American citizenship, the 1883. Civil Rights Cases and the creation of the Jim Crow South", History, 102(350), pp. 225-241. Blackwell Publishing Ltd. DOI: [https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-229X.12375 10.1111/1468-229X.12375] | ||
Wood A.L. (2017) "The South", A Companion to the Gilded Age and Progressive Era, 44-57. Wiley Blackwell. DOI: [ | Wood A.L. (2017) "The South", A Companion to the Gilded Age and Progressive Era, 44-57. Wiley Blackwell. DOI: [https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118913994.ch4 10.1002/9781118913994.ch4] | ||
Jackson R. (2017) "Fade in, crossroads: A history of the southern cinema", Fade in, Crossroads: A History of the Southern Cinema, 1-332. Oxford University Press. DOI: [ | Jackson R. (2017) "Fade in, crossroads: A history of the southern cinema", Fade in, Crossroads: A History of the Southern Cinema, 1-332. Oxford University Press. DOI: [https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190660178.001.0001 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190660178.001.0001] | ||
Flynn A.; Holmberg S.R.; Warren D.T.; Wong F.J. (2017) "The hidden rules of race: Barriers to an inclusive economy", The Hidden Rules of Race: Barriers to an Inclusive Economy, 1-221. Cambridge University Press. DOI: [ | Flynn A.; Holmberg S.R.; Warren D.T.; Wong F.J. (2017) "The hidden rules of race: Barriers to an inclusive economy", The Hidden Rules of Race: Barriers to an Inclusive Economy, 1-221. Cambridge University Press. DOI: [https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108277846 10.1017/9781108277846] | ||
McLaughlin-Stonham H. (2018) "Transport and turmoil: The turbulent racial history of transport in new orleans", European Journal of American Culture, 37(2), pp. 141-157. Intellect Ltd.. DOI: [ | McLaughlin-Stonham H. (2018) "Transport and turmoil: The turbulent racial history of transport in new orleans", European Journal of American Culture, 37(2), pp. 141-157. Intellect Ltd.. DOI: [https://doi.org/10.1386/ejac.37.2.141_1 10.1386/ejac.37.2.141_1] | ||
McRae E.G. (2018) "Mothers of massive resistance: White women and the politics of white supremacy", Mothers of Massive Resistance: White Women and the Politics of White Supremacy, 1-352. Oxford University Press. DOI: [ | McRae E.G. (2018) "Mothers of massive resistance: White women and the politics of white supremacy", Mothers of Massive Resistance: White Women and the Politics of White Supremacy, 1-352. Oxford University Press. DOI: [https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190271718.001.0001 10.1093/oso/9780190271718.001.0001] | ||
Jarvis R.M.; Colburn D.R.; MacManus S.A. (2018) "Florida’s other courts: Unconventional justice in the sunshine state", Florida's Other Courts: Unconventional Justice in the Sunshine State, 1-208. University Press of Florida. DOI: [ | Jarvis R.M.; Colburn D.R.; MacManus S.A. (2018) "Florida’s other courts: Unconventional justice in the sunshine state", Florida's Other Courts: Unconventional Justice in the Sunshine State, 1-208. University Press of Florida. DOI: [https://doi.org/ ] | ||
Ferguson R.H. (2018) "Remaking the rural south: Interracialism, christian socialism, and cooperative farming in jim crow mississippi", Remaking the Rural South: Interracialism, Christian Socialism, and Cooperative Farming in Jim Crow Mississippi, 1-211. University of Georgia Press. DOI: [ | Ferguson R.H. (2018) "Remaking the rural south: Interracialism, christian socialism, and cooperative farming in jim crow mississippi", Remaking the Rural South: Interracialism, Christian Socialism, and Cooperative Farming in Jim Crow Mississippi, 1-211. University of Georgia Press. DOI: [https://doi.org/ ] | ||
Muigai W. (2019) "“Something wasn’t clean”: Black midwifery, birth, and postwar medical education in all my babies", Bulletin of the History of Medicine, 93(1), pp. 82-113. Johns Hopkins University Press. DOI: [ | Muigai W. (2019) "“Something wasn’t clean”: Black midwifery, birth, and postwar medical education in all my babies", Bulletin of the History of Medicine, 93(1), pp. 82-113. Johns Hopkins University Press. DOI: [https://doi.org/10.1353/bhm.2019.0003 10.1353/bhm.2019.0003] | ||
Shumow M. (2019) "“Why is it Here, of All Places?": Debris Cleanup, Black Space, and Narratives of Marginalized Geographies in Post Irma Miami Dade", Climate Change, Media and Culture: Critical Issues in Global Environmental Communication, 13-32. Emerald Group Publishing Ltd.. DOI: [ | Shumow M. (2019) "“Why is it Here, of All Places?": Debris Cleanup, Black Space, and Narratives of Marginalized Geographies in Post Irma Miami Dade", Climate Change, Media and Culture: Critical Issues in Global Environmental Communication, 13-32. Emerald Group Publishing Ltd.. DOI: [https://doi.org/10.1108/978-1-78769-967-020191004 10.1108/978-1-78769-967-020191004] | ||
Walker-DeVose D.C.; Dawson A.; Schueths A.M.; Brimeyer T.; Freeman J.Y. (2019) "Southern assumptions: normalizing racialized structures at a university in the Deep South", Race Ethnicity and Education, 22(3), pp. 355-373. Routledge. DOI: [ | Walker-DeVose D.C.; Dawson A.; Schueths A.M.; Brimeyer T.; Freeman J.Y. (2019) "Southern assumptions: normalizing racialized structures at a university in the Deep South", Race Ethnicity and Education, 22(3), pp. 355-373. Routledge. DOI: [https://doi.org/10.1080/13613324.2017.1417256 10.1080/13613324.2017.1417256] | ||
Blackhawk M. (2019) "Federal Indian law as paradigm within public law", Harvard Law Review, 132(7), pp. 1791-1877. Harvard Law Review Association. DOI: [ | Blackhawk M. (2019) "Federal Indian law as paradigm within public law", Harvard Law Review, 132(7), pp. 1791-1877. Harvard Law Review Association. DOI: [https://doi.org/ ] | ||
Woodard L.A. (2020) "“A Free America for All Peoples . . .”: Fredi Washington, the Negro Actors Guild, and the Voice of the People", Journal of African American History, 105(3), pp. 452-478. University of Chicago Press. DOI: [ | Woodard L.A. (2020) "“A Free America for All Peoples . . .”: Fredi Washington, the Negro Actors Guild, and the Voice of the People", Journal of African American History, 105(3), pp. 452-478. University of Chicago Press. DOI: [https://doi.org/10.1086/709201 10.1086/709201] | ||
Gorn E.J. (2020) "Emmett Till, history, and memory", An Unfamiliar America: Essays in American Studies, 193-205. Taylor and Francis. DOI: [ | Gorn E.J. (2020) "Emmett Till, history, and memory", An Unfamiliar America: Essays in American Studies, 193-205. Taylor and Francis. DOI: [https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003092131-16 10.4324/9781003092131-16] | ||
Bailey E.; Ewen C. (2020) "A Community Activist, a Cultural Anthropologist, and an Archaeologist Walk into a Cemetery: Re establishing Community Pride After a Jim Crow Atrocity", Journal of African Diaspora Archaeology and Heritage, 9(3), pp. 239-254. Taylor and Francis Ltd.. DOI: [ | Bailey E.; Ewen C. (2020) "A Community Activist, a Cultural Anthropologist, and an Archaeologist Walk into a Cemetery: Re establishing Community Pride After a Jim Crow Atrocity", Journal of African Diaspora Archaeology and Heritage, 9(3), pp. 239-254. Taylor and Francis Ltd.. DOI: [https://doi.org/10.1080/21619441.2021.1902185 10.1080/21619441.2021.1902185] | ||
Hayter J.M. (2020) "Crusading for citizenship: how the mid twentieth century quest for African American voting rights emphasized plurality over populism", Leadership, Populism, and Resistance, 90-105. Edward Elgar Publishing Ltd.. DOI: [ | Hayter J.M. (2020) "Crusading for citizenship: how the mid twentieth century quest for African American voting rights emphasized plurality over populism", Leadership, Populism, and Resistance, 90-105. Edward Elgar Publishing Ltd.. DOI: [https://doi.org/10.4337/9781788979269.00013 10.4337/9781788979269.00013] | ||
Moore J.R. (2020) "And justice for all: Teaching the reparations debate", Journal of Social Studies Education Research, 11(2), pp. 27-60. Association for Social Studies Educa. DOI: [ | Moore J.R. (2020) "And justice for all: Teaching the reparations debate", Journal of Social Studies Education Research, 11(2), pp. 27-60. Association for Social Studies Educa. DOI: [https://doi.org/ ] | ||
Givel M.S. (2021) "Evolution of a sundown town and racial caste system: Norman, Oklahoma from 1889 to 1967", Ethnicities, 21(4), pp. 664-683. SAGE Publications Ltd. DOI: [ | Givel M.S. (2021) "Evolution of a sundown town and racial caste system: Norman, Oklahoma from 1889 to 1967", Ethnicities, 21(4), pp. 664-683. SAGE Publications Ltd. DOI: [https://doi.org/10.1177/14687968211011174 10.1177/14687968211011174] | ||
Alexander N.G. (2021) "‘The curse of race prejudice’: debates about racial ‘prejudice’ in the United States, c. 1750 1900", Patterns of Prejudice, 55(1), pp. 25-46. Routledge. DOI: [ | Alexander N.G. (2021) "‘The curse of race prejudice’: debates about racial ‘prejudice’ in the United States, c. 1750 1900", Patterns of Prejudice, 55(1), pp. 25-46. Routledge. DOI: [https://doi.org/10.1080/0031322X.2021.1898812 10.1080/0031322X.2021.1898812] | ||
Blakey M.L. (2021) "Understanding racism in physical (biological) anthropology", American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 175(2), pp. 316-325. John Wiley and Sons Inc. DOI: [ | Blakey M.L. (2021) "Understanding racism in physical (biological) anthropology", American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 175(2), pp. 316-325. John Wiley and Sons Inc. DOI: [https://doi.org/10.1002/ajpa.24208 10.1002/ajpa.24208] | ||
Zier M. (2021) "Crimes of omission: State action doctrine and anti lynching legislation in the jim crowera", Stanford Law Review, 73(3), pp. 777-819. Stanford Law School. DOI: [ | Zier M. (2021) "Crimes of omission: State action doctrine and anti lynching legislation in the jim crowera", Stanford Law Review, 73(3), pp. 777-819. Stanford Law School. DOI: [https://doi.org/ ] | ||
Smångs M. (2021) "The White Working Class and the Legacy of the 1960s Ku Klux Klan in the 2016 Presidential Election", Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 694(1), pp. 189-204. SAGE Publications Inc.. DOI: [ | Smångs M. (2021) "The White Working Class and the Legacy of the 1960s Ku Klux Klan in the 2016 Presidential Election", Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 694(1), pp. 189-204. SAGE Publications Inc.. DOI: [https://doi.org/10.1177/00027162211019679 10.1177/00027162211019679] | ||
West K. (2022) "Buckra: Whiteness and porgy and bess", Journal of the American Musicological Society, 75(2), pp. 319-377. University of California Press. DOI: [ | West K. (2022) "Buckra: Whiteness and porgy and bess", Journal of the American Musicological Society, 75(2), pp. 319-377. University of California Press. DOI: [https://doi.org/10.1525/jams.2022.75.2.319 10.1525/jams.2022.75.2.319] | ||
Brand A.L. (2022) "Black Mecca futures: Re Membering New Orleans’s Claiborne Avenue", Journal of Urban Affairs, 44(6), pp. 808-821. Taylor and Francis Ltd.. DOI: [ | Brand A.L. (2022) "Black Mecca futures: Re Membering New Orleans’s Claiborne Avenue", Journal of Urban Affairs, 44(6), pp. 808-821. Taylor and Francis Ltd.. DOI: [https://doi.org/10.1080/07352166.2020.1860675 10.1080/07352166.2020.1860675] | ||
Williams R.E. (2023) "The Political Economy of Subprime Educational Policy: A Critical Analysis of Charter Schools in Black Communities", Review of Black Political Economy, -. SAGE Publications Inc.. DOI: [ | Williams R.E. (2023) "The Political Economy of Subprime Educational Policy: A Critical Analysis of Charter Schools in Black Communities", Review of Black Political Economy, -. SAGE Publications Inc.. DOI: [https://doi.org/10.1177/00346446221145933 10.1177/00346446221145933] | ||
Revision as of 14:20, 9 April 2024
Date and country of first publication[1]
1976
None
Definition
Jim Crow segregation refers to the system of racial segregation and discrimination that was implemented in the southern United States following the Reconstruction Era. Named after a popular minstrel character that depicted African Americans in a derogatory manner, Jim Crow laws enforced racial segregation in public spaces such as schools, restaurants, buses, and water fountains. These laws also restricted voting rights and economic opportunities for African Americans, essentially creating a separate and unequal society.
Jim Crow segregation was upheld and enforced by both laws and social customs, perpetuating the idea of white supremacy and the inferiority of African Americans. This system of segregation remained in place until the Civil Rights Movement of the 1960s, when laws such as the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and the Voting Rights Act of 1965 were passed to dismantle segregation and eliminate discriminatory practices.
See also
References
Notes
- ↑ Date and country of first publication as informed by the Scopus database (December 2023).
At its current state, this definition has been generated by a Large Language Model (LLM) so far without review by an independent researcher or a member of the curating team of segregation experts that keep the Segregation Wiki online. While we strive for accuracy, we cannot guarantee its reliability, completeness and timeliness. Please use this content with caution and verify information as needed. Also, feel free to improve on the definition as you see fit, including the use of references and other informational resources. We value your input in enhancing the quality and accuracy of the definitions of segregation forms collectively offered in the Segregation Wiki ©.
Further reading
Wilson W.J. (1976) "Class conflict and jim crow segregation in the postbellum south", Sociological Perspectives, 19(4), pp. 431-446. . DOI: 10.2307/1388831
Digby-Junger R. (1998) "The guardian, crisis, messenger, and negro world : The early 20th century black radical press", Howard Journal of Communications, 9(3), pp. 263-282. . DOI: 10.1080/106461798247023
Golub M. (2005) "Plessy as "passing": Judicial responses to ambiguously raced bodies in Plessy v. Ferguson", Law and Society Review, 39(3), pp. 563-600. . DOI: 10.1111/j.1540-5893.2005.00234.x
Wacquant L. (2005) "Race as civic felony", International Social Science Journal, 57(183), pp. 127-142. Blackwell Publishing Ltd. DOI: 10.1111/j.0020-8701.2005.00536.x
O'Brien W. (2007) "The strange career of a Florida State Park: Uncovering a Jim Crow past", Historical Geography, 35(), pp. 160-184. . DOI: [1]
Wallach J.J. (2008) "Closer to the truth than any fact: Memoir, memory, and jim crow", Closer to the Truth Than Any Fact: Memoir, Memory, and Jim Crow, 1-176. University of Georgia Press. DOI: [2]
Armitage S.; Mercier L. (2009) "1900 1920", Palgrave Studies in Oral History, 39-70. Palgrave Macmillan. DOI: 10.1007/978-0-230-10491-4_3
Connolly N.D.B. (2009) "Timely innovations: Planes, trains and the whites only economy of a Pan American city", Urban History, 36(2), pp. 243-261. . DOI: 10.1017/S0963926809006270
Zelden C.L. (2009) "In no event shall a Negro be eligible: The NAACP takes on the Texas all white primary, 1923 1944", Long is The Way and Hard: One Hundred Years of the NAACP, 135-153. University of Arkansas Press. DOI: [3]
Gillespie A. (2009) "Whose black politics?: Cases in post racial black leadership", Whose Black Politics?: Cases in Post-Racial Black Leadership, 1-335. Routledge. DOI: 10.4324/9780203893722
K'Meyer T.E. (2009) "Civil rights in the gateway to the South: Louisville, Kentucky 1945 1980", Civil Rights in the Gateway to the South: Louisville, Kentucky 1945-1980, 1-410. University Press of Kentucky. DOI: [4]
Roxworthy E. (2010) "Nisei girls' kabuki in wartime Arkansas: Cultural segregation and cross dressing at Rohwer and Jerome", Women and Performance, 20(2), pp. 185-203. . DOI: 10.1080/0740770X.2010.492177
Benjamin M. (2010) "A colored authors collection to exhibit to the world and educate a race", Education and the Culture of Print in Modern America, 36-56. University of Wisconsin Press. DOI: [5]
Warren K.W. (2010) "On what was African American literature?", Amerikastudien, 55(4), pp. 739-742. . DOI: [6]
Bricker-Jenkins M.; Baptist W. (2010) "The movement to end poverty in the United States", Economic Rights in Canada and the United States, 103-117. University of Pennsylvania Press. DOI: [7]
Lee J.; Bean F.D. (2010) "The diversity paradox: Immigration and the color line in twenty first century America", The Diversity Paradox: Immigration and the Color Line in Twenty-First Century America, 1-234. Russell Sage Foundation. DOI: [8]
Gillespie A. (2010) "Whose Black Politics?: Cases in Post Racial Black Leadership", Whose Black Politics?: Cases in Post-Racial Black Leadership, 1-335. Taylor and Francis. DOI: 10.4324/9780203893722
Lucero B. (2011) "Racial geographies, imperial transitions: Property ownership and race relations in cienfuegos, cuba, 1894 1899", Journal of Transnational American Studies, 3(2), pp. -. . DOI: [9]
Jun H.H. (2011) "Race for citizenship: Black orientalism and Asian uplift from pre emancipation to neoliberal America", Race for Citizenship: Black Orientalism and Asian Uplift from Pre-Emancipation to Neoliberal America, 1-197. New York University Press. DOI: [10]
Plastas M. (2011) "A band of noble women: Racial politics in the Women's peace movement", A band of noble women: Racial politics in the Women's peace movement, 1-322. Syracuse University Press. DOI: [11]
Dowe P.F. (2011) "V.O. Key Jr.'s missing link: Black southern political culture and development", Unlocking V. O. Key Jr.: Southern Politics for the Twenty-First Century, 23-38. University of Arkansas Press. DOI: [12]
Inwood J.F.J. (2011) "Geographies of race in the American south the continuing legacies of Jim crow segregation", Southeastern Geographer, 51(4), pp. 564-577. University of North Carolina Press. DOI: 10.1353/sgo.2011.0033
Olsson J. (2012) "Modernity Stops at Nothing: The American Chase Film and the Specter of Lynching", A Companion to Early Cinema, 257-276. Blackwell Publishing Ltd.. DOI: 10.1002/9781118274453.ch14
Rowan M. (2012) "Punishing from a Sense of Innocence: An Essay on Guilt, Innocence, and Punishment in America", Critical Criminology, 20(4), pp. 377-394. . DOI: 10.1007/s10612-012-9155-2
Jenkins R.D. (2012) "Black Fraternal Organizations: Understanding the Development of Hegemonic Masculinity and Sexuality", Journal of African American Studies, 16(2), pp. 226-235. . DOI: 10.1007/s12111-010-9149-7
Jurado K. (2013) ""Have we not a mind like they?": Jovita González on nation and gender", Women and Rhetoric between the Wars, 9780809331390(), pp. 209-222. Southern Illinois University Press. DOI: [13]
Chakkalakal T.; Warren K.W. (2013) "Jim Crow, literature, and the legacy of Sutton E. Griggs", Jim Crow, Literature, and the Legacy of Sutton E. Griggs, 1-312. Project Muse. DOI: [14]
Topping S. (2013) "The Dusky Doughboys: Interaction between African American soldiers and the population of Northern Ireland during the second world war", Journal of American Studies, 47(4), pp. 1131-1154. Cambridge University Press. DOI: 10.1017/S0021875812001764
Harris L. (2014) "The "Commonwealth of virginia vs. Virginia Christian": Southern black women, crime & punishment in progressive era Virginia", Journal of Social History, 47(4), pp. 922-942. Oxford University Press. DOI: 10.1093/jsh/shu024
Wuthnow R. (2014) "Rough country: How Texas became America's most powerful Bible belt state", Rough Country: How Texas Became America's Most Powerful Bible-Belt State, 1-654. Princeton University Press. DOI: [15]
Potter S. (2014) "Everybody else: Adoption and the politics of domestic diversity in postwar America", Everybody Else: Adoption and the Politics of Domestic Diversity in Postwar America, 1-254. University of Georgia. DOI: [16]
Strauss D.A. (2014) "The Neo Hamiltonian temptation", Yale Law Journal, 123(8), pp. 2676-2697. Yale Law Journal. DOI: [17]
Lamm K. (2015) "Between the open and the hidden: Clothing, segregation, and the feminine counter archive in the photographs of Gordon Parks", Critical Arts, 29(), pp. 134-149. Routledge. DOI: 10.1080/02560046.2015.1102266
Nunn E. (2015) "Sounding the color line: Music and race in the Southern imagination", Sounding the Color Line: Music and Race in the Southern Imagination, 1-216. University of Georgia Press. DOI: [18]
Kiesel D. (2015) "She can bring us home: Dr. Dorothy Boulding Ferebee, civil rights pioneer", She Can Bring us Home: Dr. Dorothy Boulding Ferebee, Civil Rights Pioneer, 1-383. Potomac Books. DOI: [19]
Andrews K.T.; Beyerlein K.; Farnum T.T. (2016) "The legitimacy of protest: Explaining white southerners' attitudes toward the civil rights movement", Social Forces, 94(3), pp. 1021-1044. Oxford University Press. DOI: 10.1093/sf/sov097
Stephens R.J. (2016) "Where else did they copy their styles but from church groups?: Rock 'n' Roll and Pentecostalism in the 1950s South", Church History, 85(1), pp. 97-131. Cambridge University Press. DOI: 10.1017/S0009640715001365
Herbert A. (2016) "Martin Luther King Jr. Identity Is Key", SpringerBriefs on Key Thinkers in Education, 1-14. Springer. DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-39235-6_1
Hernández T.K. (2016) "Envisioning the United States in the Latin American myth of ‘racial democracy mestizaje’", Latin American and Caribbean Ethnic Studies, 11(2), pp. 189-205. Routledge. DOI: 10.1080/17442222.2016.1170953
Hughes S.M. (2017) "Walking the tightrope between racial stereotypes and respectability: images of African American and Native American artists in the golden age of the circus", Early Popular Visual Culture, 15(3), pp. 315-333. Routledge. DOI: 10.1080/17460654.2017.1383028
Robinson S. (2017) "African American citizenship, the 1883. Civil Rights Cases and the creation of the Jim Crow South", History, 102(350), pp. 225-241. Blackwell Publishing Ltd. DOI: 10.1111/1468-229X.12375
Wood A.L. (2017) "The South", A Companion to the Gilded Age and Progressive Era, 44-57. Wiley Blackwell. DOI: 10.1002/9781118913994.ch4
Jackson R. (2017) "Fade in, crossroads: A history of the southern cinema", Fade in, Crossroads: A History of the Southern Cinema, 1-332. Oxford University Press. DOI: 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190660178.001.0001
Flynn A.; Holmberg S.R.; Warren D.T.; Wong F.J. (2017) "The hidden rules of race: Barriers to an inclusive economy", The Hidden Rules of Race: Barriers to an Inclusive Economy, 1-221. Cambridge University Press. DOI: 10.1017/9781108277846
McLaughlin-Stonham H. (2018) "Transport and turmoil: The turbulent racial history of transport in new orleans", European Journal of American Culture, 37(2), pp. 141-157. Intellect Ltd.. DOI: 10.1386/ejac.37.2.141_1
McRae E.G. (2018) "Mothers of massive resistance: White women and the politics of white supremacy", Mothers of Massive Resistance: White Women and the Politics of White Supremacy, 1-352. Oxford University Press. DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780190271718.001.0001
Jarvis R.M.; Colburn D.R.; MacManus S.A. (2018) "Florida’s other courts: Unconventional justice in the sunshine state", Florida's Other Courts: Unconventional Justice in the Sunshine State, 1-208. University Press of Florida. DOI: [20]
Ferguson R.H. (2018) "Remaking the rural south: Interracialism, christian socialism, and cooperative farming in jim crow mississippi", Remaking the Rural South: Interracialism, Christian Socialism, and Cooperative Farming in Jim Crow Mississippi, 1-211. University of Georgia Press. DOI: [21]
Muigai W. (2019) "“Something wasn’t clean”: Black midwifery, birth, and postwar medical education in all my babies", Bulletin of the History of Medicine, 93(1), pp. 82-113. Johns Hopkins University Press. DOI: 10.1353/bhm.2019.0003
Shumow M. (2019) "“Why is it Here, of All Places?": Debris Cleanup, Black Space, and Narratives of Marginalized Geographies in Post Irma Miami Dade", Climate Change, Media and Culture: Critical Issues in Global Environmental Communication, 13-32. Emerald Group Publishing Ltd.. DOI: 10.1108/978-1-78769-967-020191004
Walker-DeVose D.C.; Dawson A.; Schueths A.M.; Brimeyer T.; Freeman J.Y. (2019) "Southern assumptions: normalizing racialized structures at a university in the Deep South", Race Ethnicity and Education, 22(3), pp. 355-373. Routledge. DOI: 10.1080/13613324.2017.1417256
Blackhawk M. (2019) "Federal Indian law as paradigm within public law", Harvard Law Review, 132(7), pp. 1791-1877. Harvard Law Review Association. DOI: [22]
Woodard L.A. (2020) "“A Free America for All Peoples . . .”: Fredi Washington, the Negro Actors Guild, and the Voice of the People", Journal of African American History, 105(3), pp. 452-478. University of Chicago Press. DOI: 10.1086/709201
Gorn E.J. (2020) "Emmett Till, history, and memory", An Unfamiliar America: Essays in American Studies, 193-205. Taylor and Francis. DOI: 10.4324/9781003092131-16
Bailey E.; Ewen C. (2020) "A Community Activist, a Cultural Anthropologist, and an Archaeologist Walk into a Cemetery: Re establishing Community Pride After a Jim Crow Atrocity", Journal of African Diaspora Archaeology and Heritage, 9(3), pp. 239-254. Taylor and Francis Ltd.. DOI: 10.1080/21619441.2021.1902185
Hayter J.M. (2020) "Crusading for citizenship: how the mid twentieth century quest for African American voting rights emphasized plurality over populism", Leadership, Populism, and Resistance, 90-105. Edward Elgar Publishing Ltd.. DOI: 10.4337/9781788979269.00013
Moore J.R. (2020) "And justice for all: Teaching the reparations debate", Journal of Social Studies Education Research, 11(2), pp. 27-60. Association for Social Studies Educa. DOI: [23]
Givel M.S. (2021) "Evolution of a sundown town and racial caste system: Norman, Oklahoma from 1889 to 1967", Ethnicities, 21(4), pp. 664-683. SAGE Publications Ltd. DOI: 10.1177/14687968211011174
Alexander N.G. (2021) "‘The curse of race prejudice’: debates about racial ‘prejudice’ in the United States, c. 1750 1900", Patterns of Prejudice, 55(1), pp. 25-46. Routledge. DOI: 10.1080/0031322X.2021.1898812
Blakey M.L. (2021) "Understanding racism in physical (biological) anthropology", American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 175(2), pp. 316-325. John Wiley and Sons Inc. DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.24208
Zier M. (2021) "Crimes of omission: State action doctrine and anti lynching legislation in the jim crowera", Stanford Law Review, 73(3), pp. 777-819. Stanford Law School. DOI: [24]
Smångs M. (2021) "The White Working Class and the Legacy of the 1960s Ku Klux Klan in the 2016 Presidential Election", Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 694(1), pp. 189-204. SAGE Publications Inc.. DOI: 10.1177/00027162211019679
West K. (2022) "Buckra: Whiteness and porgy and bess", Journal of the American Musicological Society, 75(2), pp. 319-377. University of California Press. DOI: 10.1525/jams.2022.75.2.319
Brand A.L. (2022) "Black Mecca futures: Re Membering New Orleans’s Claiborne Avenue", Journal of Urban Affairs, 44(6), pp. 808-821. Taylor and Francis Ltd.. DOI: 10.1080/07352166.2020.1860675
Williams R.E. (2023) "The Political Economy of Subprime Educational Policy: A Critical Analysis of Charter Schools in Black Communities", Review of Black Political Economy, -. SAGE Publications Inc.. DOI: 10.1177/00346446221145933