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===== Date and country of first publication<ref>Date and country of first publication as informed by the Scopus database (December 2023).</ref>===== 1965<br> United States ===== Definition ===== Racial residential segregation refers to the separation of individuals of different races into different neighborhoods or residential areas. This phenomenon often occurs as a result of historical and systemic discrimination, as well as social and economic factors. Racial segregation in residential areas can have negative impacts on individuals and communities, including limited access to quality education, healthcare, employment opportunities, and socioeconomic resources. It can also contribute to the perpetuation of racial inequalities and disparities in society. Efforts to address racial residential segregation may include implementing fair housing policies, promoting inclusive and diverse neighborhoods, and addressing underlying factors such as poverty and discrimination. By creating more equitable and integrated communities, we can work towards a more just and inclusive society for all. ===== Synonyms ===== The following terms are synonymous with racial residential segregation: race residential segregation; racialized residential segregation; residential racial segregation; residential racialized segregation. References and literature addressing this segregation form under these synonymous terms can be found below. ==See also== ==Related segregation forms== Racial residential segregation is frequently discussed in the literature with the following segregation forms: [[racial segregation]], [[residential segregation]], [[social segregation]], [[spatial segregation]], [[neighborhood segregation]], [[housing segregation]], [[socioeconomic residential segregation]], [[school segregation]], [[urban segregation]], [[hispanic segregation]], [[occupational segregation]], [[ethnoracial segregation]], [[black white segregation]], [[socioeconomic segregation]], [[local segregation]], [[historical segregation]] [[File:racial_residential_segregation.png|780x780px]] This visualization is based on the study [[Segregation_Wiki:About| The Multidisciplinary Landscape of Segregation Research]]. For the complete network of interrelated segregation forms, please refer to: * [https://tinyurl.com/2235lkhw First year of publication] * [https://tinyurl.com/2d8wg5n3 Louvain clusters] * [https://tinyurl.com/223udk5r Betweenness centrality] * [https://tinyurl.com/244d8unz Disciplines in which segregation forms first emerged (Scopus database).] ==References== ==Notes== <references /> {{NoteAI}} ==Racial residential segregation appears in the following literature== Miller L. (1965). The Protest Against Housing Segregation. ''The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science'', ''357''(1), 73-79. https://doi.org/10.1177/000271626535700108 Taeuber K.E. (1968). The Effect of Income Redistribution On Racial Residential Segregation. ''Urban Affairs Review'', ''4''(1), 5-14. https://doi.org/10.1177/107808746800400102 Lowry M., II (1972). Racial segregation: A geographical adaptation and analysis. 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Springer.https://doi.org/10.1007/s11403-017-0207-2 Woo B., Fan W., Tran T., Takeuchi D. (202). The Psychological Cost of Racial Discrimination: What is the Role of Residential Segregation?. ''American Journal of Community Psychology'', ''65''(1-2), 78-89. Wiley Blackwell.https://doi.org/10.1002/ajcp.12371 Do D.P., Frank R. (202). The Diverging Impacts of Segregation on Obesity Risk by Nativity and Neighborhood Poverty Among Hispanic Americans. ''Journal of Racial and Ethnic Health Disparities'', ''7''(6), 1214-1224. Springer Science and Business Media Deutschland GmbH.https://doi.org/10.1007/s40615-020-00746-2 Tewolde A.I. (202). Experiencing de facto Racial Residential Segregation in Urban South Africa: An African Refugee's Auto ethnography1. ''Urbanities'', ''10''(2), 109-123. Il Denaro Group.https://doi.org/ Morales M.J., Robert S.A. (202). Black white disparities in moves to assisted living and nursing homes among older medicare beneficiaries. 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Structural racism in the built environment: Segregation and the overconcentration of alcohol outlets. ''Health and Place'', ''64''(), -. Elsevier Ltd.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.healthplace.2020.102385 Siegel M. (202). Racial disparities in fatal police shootings: An empirical analysis informed by critical race theory. ''Boston University Law Review'', ''100''(3), 1069-1092. Boston University Law Review.https://doi.org/ Gabriel A.C., Bell C.N., Bowie J.V., LaVeist T.A., Thorpe R.J., Jr (202). The Role of Social Support in Moderating the Relationship between Race and Hypertension in a Low Income, Urban, Racially Integrated Community. ''Journal of Urban Health'', ''97''(2), 250-259. Springer.https://doi.org/10.1007/s11524-020-00421-1 Mayne S.L., Loizzo L., Bancks M.P., Carnethon M.R., Barber S., Gordon-Larsen P., Carson A.P., Schreiner P.J., Bantle A.E., Whitaker K.M., Kershaw K.N. (202). Racial residential segregation, racial discrimination, and diabetes: The Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults study. ''Health and Place'', ''62''(), -. Elsevier Ltd.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.healthplace.2020.102286 Sampson R.J., Levy B.L. (202). Beyond Residential Segregation: Mobility Based Connectedness and Rates of Violence in Large Cities. ''Race and Social Problems'', ''12''(1), 77-86. Springer.https://doi.org/10.1007/s12552-019-09273-0 Yu Q., Salvador C.E., Melani I., Berg M.K., Neblett E.W., Kitayama S. (2021). Racial residential segregation and economic disparity jointly exacerbate COVID 19 fatality in large American cities. ''Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences'', ''1494''(1), 18-30. John Wiley and Sons Inc.https://doi.org/10.1111/nyas.14567 Bento A. (2021). When and Where Residential Racial Segregation Matters for the Black Self employment Rate. ''Review of Black Political Economy'', ''48''(4), 455-480. SAGE Publications Inc..https://doi.org/10.1177/00346446211013557 Martz C.D., Hunter E.A., Kramer M.R., Wang Y., Chung K., Brown M., Drenkard C., Lim S.S., Chae D.H. (2021). Pathways linking census tract typologies with subjective neighborhood disorder and depressive symptoms in the Black Women's Experiences Living with Lupus (BeWELL) Study. ''Health and Place'', ''70''(), -. Elsevier Ltd.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.healthplace.2021.102587 Krivo L.J., Lyons C.J., Vélez M.B. (2021). The U.S. Racial Structure and Ethno Racial Inequality in Urban Neighborhood Crime, 2010 2013. ''Sociology of Race and Ethnicity'', ''7''(3), 350-368. SAGE Publications Inc..https://doi.org/10.1177/2332649220948551 Thomson J. (2021). Civil Rights Enforcement and Fair Housing at the Environmental Protection Agency. ''Environmental Justice'', ''14''(5), 345-352. Mary Ann Liebert Inc..https://doi.org/10.1089/env.2021.0009 Quan N.S.N., Kramer M.R. (2021). Revealing the variations in impact of economic segregation on preterm birth among disaggregated Asian ethnicities across MSAs in the United States: 2015 2017. ''SSM - Population Health'', ''14''(), -. Elsevier Ltd.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssmph.2021.100813 Simes J.T. (2021). Punishing places: The geography of mass imprisonment. ''Punishing Places: The Geography of Mass Imprisonment'', 1-252. University of California Press.https://doi.org/ Elbers B. (2021). Trends in U.S. Residential Racial Segregation, 1990 to 2020. ''Socius'', ''7''(), -. SAGE Publications Inc..https://doi.org/10.1177/23780231211053982 Hudson D., Sacks T.A., Sewell W., Holland D., Gordon J. (2021). Surviving the white space: perspectives on how middle class Black men navigate cultural racism. ''Ethnic and Racial Studies'', ''44''(14), 2513-2531. Routledge.https://doi.org/10.1080/01419870.2020.1834594 Prener C.G. (2021). Demographic change, segregation, and the emergence of peripheral spaces in St. Louis, Missouri. ''Applied Geography'', ''133''(), -. Elsevier Ltd.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apgeog.2021.102472 Daoud N., Abu-Hamad S., Berger-Polsky A., Davidovitch N., Orshalimy S. (2022). Mechanisms for racial separation and inequitable maternal care in hospital maternity wards. ''Social Science and Medicine'', ''292''(), -. Elsevier Ltd.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2021.114551 Ibekwe L.N., Fernández-Esquer M.E., Pruitt S.L., Ranjit N., Fernández M.E. (2022). Associations between perceived racial discrimination, racial residential segregation, and cancer screening adherence among low income African Americans: a multilevel, cross sectional analysis. ''Ethnicity and Health'', -. Routledge.https://doi.org/10.1080/13557858.2022.2043246 Kane N. (2022). Revealing the racial and spatial disparity in pediatric asthma: A Kansas City case study. ''Social Science and Medicine'', ''292''(), -. Elsevier Ltd.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2021.114543 Brawner B.M., Kerr J., Castle B.F., Bannon J.A., Bonett S., Stevens R., James R., Bowleg L. (2022). A Systematic Review of Neighborhood Level Influences on HIV Vulnerability. ''AIDS and Behavior'', ''26''(3), 874-934. Springer.https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-021-03448-w Planey A.M., Grady S.C., Fetaw R., McLafferty S.L. (2022). Spaces of Segregation and Health: Complex Associations for Black Immigrant and US Born Mothers in New York City. ''Journal of Urban Health'', ''99''(3), 469-481. Springer.https://doi.org/10.1007/s11524-022-00634-6 Farley R. (2022). Chocolate city, vanilla suburbs revisited. ''Du Bois Review'', ''19''(1), -. Cambridge University Press.https://doi.org/10.1017/S1742058X21000266 Li M., Yuan F. (2022). Historical Redlining and Resident Exposure to COVID 19: A Study of New York City. ''Race and Social Problems'', ''14''(2), 85-100. Springer.https://doi.org/10.1007/s12552-021-09338-z Wang G., Schwartz G.L., Kershaw K.N., McGowan C., Kim M.H., Hamad R. (2022). The association of residential racial segregation with health among U.S. children: A nationwide longitudinal study. ''SSM - Population Health'', ''19''(), -. Elsevier Ltd.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssmph.2022.101250 Kephart L. (2022). How Racial Residential Segregation Structures Access and Exposure to Greenness and Green Space: A Review. ''Environmental Justice'', ''15''(4), 204-213. Mary Ann Liebert Inc..https://doi.org/10.1089/env.2021.0039 Schwartz G.L., Wang G., Kershaw K.N., McGowan C., Kim M.H., Hamad R. (2022). The long shadow of residential racial segregation: Associations between childhood residential segregation trajectories and young adult health among Black US Americans. ''Health and Place'', ''77''(), -. Elsevier Ltd.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.healthplace.2022.102904 Dove-Medows E., Misra D.P., Benkert R., Giurgescu C. (2022). A Qualitative Approach to the Dimensions of Segregation among Pregnant Black Women. ''Journal of Urban Health'', ''99''(4), 692-700. Springer.https://doi.org/10.1007/s11524-022-00661-3 Moody H., Easley L.E., Sissen M. (2022). Water Shutoffs During COVID 19 and Black Lives: Case Study Detroit. ''Environmental Justice'', ''15''(5), 313-318. Mary Ann Liebert Inc..https://doi.org/10.1089/env.2020.0064 Workman C.L., Shah S.H. (2022). Water Infrastructure as Intrusion: Race, Exclusion, and Nostalgic Futures in North Carolina. ''Annals of the American Association of Geographers'', -. Taylor and Francis Ltd..https://doi.org/10.1080/24694452.2022.2149461 Eichenbaum A., Tate A.D. (2022). Health Inequity in Georgia During the COVID 19 Pandemic: An Ecological Analysis Assessing the Relationship Between County Level Racial/Ethnic and Economic Polarization Using the ICE and SARS CoV 2 Cases, Hospitalizations, and Deaths in Georgia as of October 2020. ''Health Equity'', ''6''(1), 230-239. Mary Ann Liebert Inc..https://doi.org/10.1089/heq.2021.0118 Moss J.L., Popalis M., Ramirez S.I., Reedy-Cooper A., Ruffin M.T., IV (2022). Disparities in Cancer Screening: The Role of County Level Metropolitan Status and Racial Residential Segregation. ''Journal of Community Health'', ''47''(1), 168-178. Springer.https://doi.org/10.1007/s10900-021-01035-7 Morrell E., Blackwell D. (2022). Spatialized Intersectionality: Gendered and Racialized Residential Segregation and the Milwaukee Lead Crisis. ''Environmental Justice'', ''15''(1), 31-38. Mary Ann Liebert Inc..https://doi.org/10.1089/env.2021.0015 Li M., Yuan F. (2022). Historical redlining and food environments: A study of 102 urban areas in the United States. ''Health and Place'', ''75''(), -. Elsevier Ltd.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.healthplace.2022.102775 Kong A.Y., Herbert L., Feldman J.M., Trangenstein P.J., Fakunle D.O., Lee J.G.L. (2022). Tobacco and Alcohol Retailer Availability and Neighborhood Racialized, Economic, and Racialized Economic Segregation in North Carolina. ''Journal of Racial and Ethnic Health Disparities'', -. Springer Science and Business Media Deutschland GmbH.https://doi.org/10.1007/s40615-022-01463-8 Hwang J., McDaniel T.W. (2022). Racialized Reshuffling: Urban Change and the Persistence of Segregation in the Twenty First Century. ''Annual Review of Sociology'', ''48''(), -. Annual Reviews Inc..https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-soc-030420-014126 Crowell A., Fossett M. (2022). Metropolitan racial residential segregation in the United States: A microlevel and cross context analysis of Black, Latino, and Asian segregation. ''Demographic Research'', ''46''(), 217-260. Max Planck Institute for Demographic Research.https://doi.org/10.4054/DEMRES.2022.46.8 Collins T.W., Grineski S.E., Nadybal S.M. (2022). A Comparative Approach for Environmental Justice Analysis: Explaining Divergent Societal Distributions of Particulate Matter and Ozone Pollution across U.S. Neighborhoods. ''Annals of the American Association of Geographers'', ''112''(2), 522-541. Taylor and Francis Ltd..https://doi.org/10.1080/24694452.2021.1935690 Abbott E.E., Buckler D.G., Hsu J.Y., Jacoby S.F., Abella B.S., Richardson L.D., Carr B.G., Zebrowski A.M. (2022). Survival After Out of Hospital Cardiac Arrest: The Role of Racial Residential Segregation. ''Journal of Urban Health'', ''99''(6), 998-1011. Springer.https://doi.org/10.1007/s11524-022-00691-x
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