Editing Official segregation

===== Date and country of first publication<ref>Date and country of first publication as informed by the Scopus database (December 2023).</ref>===== 
1999<br>
United States
===== Definition ===== 

Official segregation refers to the systematic separation of individuals based on characteristics such as race, gender, nationality, or religion, as mandated by government authorities or institutional policies. Official segregation can take various forms, such as laws that mandate separate facilities or services for different groups, or policies that restrict individuals of certain groups from accessing certain opportunities. This form of segregation has been widely practiced throughout history, particularly in the United States with the implementation of Jim Crow laws that enforced racial segregation, and apartheid in South Africa which institutionalized racial segregation. The practice of official segregation has been widely condemned as a violation of human rights and is largely considered to be discriminatory and unjust.
==See also== 
==Related segregation forms==
Official segregation is frequently discussed in the literature with the following segregation forms: 

[[racial segregation]]
[[File:official_segregation.png|780x780px]]

This visualization is based on the study [[Segregation_Wiki:About| The Multidisciplinary Landscape of Segregation Research]]. 

For the complete network of interrelated segregation forms, please refer to: 

* [https://tinyurl.com/2235lkhw First year of publication] 

* [https://tinyurl.com/2d8wg5n3 Louvain clusters] 

* [https://tinyurl.com/223udk5r Betweenness centrality] 

* [https://tinyurl.com/244d8unz Disciplines in which segregation forms first emerged (Scopus database).] 
==References== 
==Notes== 
<references /> 
{{NoteAI}} 
==Official segregation appears in the following literature== 

Marx A.W. (1999). Class discord and racial order: Economic interests and racial domination in south africa and the united states. ''Politikon'', ''26''(1), 81-101. https://doi.org/10.1080/02589349908705071

McHugh P. (2005). Shared being, old promises, and the just necessity of affirmative action. ''Human Studies'', ''28''(2), 129-156. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10746-005-4189-z

Wells J.E., Buckley G.L., Boone C.G. (2008). Separate but equal? Desegregating Baltimore's gold courses. ''Geographical Review'', ''98''(2), 151-170. American Geographical Society.https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1931-0846.2008.tb00294.x

Wiegman R. (201). Whiteness studies and the paradox of particularity. ''Interdisciplinarity and Social Justice: Revisioning Academic Accountability'', 217-243. State University of New York Press.https://doi.org/

Posner R.A. (2016). Book Review of Rattling the Cage: Toward Legal Rights for Animals by Steven M. Wise. ''The Animal Ethics Reader: Third Edition'', 672-675. Taylor and Francis.https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315688718-68