Editing Racial bus segregation

===== Date and country of first publication<ref>Date and country of first publication as informed by the Scopus database (December 2023).</ref>===== 
2013<br>
United States
===== Definition ===== 

Racial bus segregation refers to the practice of segregating individuals based on their race or ethnicity on public buses. This practice was most prominent in the United States during the period of Jim Crow laws, which enforced racial segregation in many aspects of life, including transportation.

In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, many states in the American South enacted laws called "Black Codes" or "Jim Crow" laws, which mandated racial segregation. These laws required separate facilities and accommodations for Black and White people, including separate seating areas on public transportation.

During this time, African Americans were often required to sit in the back of the bus or in designated "colored" sections, while White people sat in the front or in the "White" sections. In some cities, there were even separate buses for Black and White passengers. This segregation on buses was enforced by both legislation and social customs, and anyone found violating the segregation rules could face legal consequences.

The most well-known instance of racial bus segregation is the Montgomery Bus Boycott that took place in Montgomery, Alabama, in 1955-1956. This boycott was sparked by the arrest of Rosa Parks, an African American woman who refused to give up her seat to a White passenger on a Montgomery bus. The boycott lasted for over a year and eventually led to the desegregation of buses in Montgomery.

Racial bus segregation was ultimately ruled unconstitutional by the landmark Supreme Court case, Brown v. Board of Education, in 1954. This case declared the doctrine of "separate but equal" unconstitutional, stating that racially segregated public facilities, including buses, violated the Fourteenth Amendment's guarantee of equal protection under the law.

While racial bus segregation is no longer legally practiced in the United States, it remains an important part of American history and serves as a reminder of the struggles faced by African Americans during the era of Jim Crow and the fight for civil rights.
==See also== 
==Related segregation forms==
Racial bus segregation is frequently discussed in the literature with the following segregation forms: 

[[racial segregation]]
[[File:racial_bus_segregation.png|780x780px]]

This visualization is based on the study [[Segregation_Wiki:About| The Multidisciplinary Landscape of Segregation Research]]. 

For the complete network of interrelated segregation forms, please refer to: 

* [https://tinyurl.com/2235lkhw First year of publication] 

* [https://tinyurl.com/2d8wg5n3 Louvain clusters] 

* [https://tinyurl.com/223udk5r Betweenness centrality] 

* [https://tinyurl.com/244d8unz Disciplines in which segregation forms first emerged (Scopus database).] 
==References== 
==Notes== 
<references /> 
{{NoteAI}} 
==Racial bus segregation appears in the following literature== 

Kuby C.R. (2013). Evoking emotions and unpacking layered histories through young children's illustrations of racial bus segregation. ''Journal of Early Childhood Literacy'', ''13''(2), 271-300. https://doi.org/10.1177/1468798411433364