Editing Institutional segregation

===== Date and country of first publication<ref>Date and country of first publication as informed by the Scopus database (December 2023).</ref>===== 
1953<br>
South Africa
===== Definition ===== 

Institutional segregation refers to the separation of different groups of people based on factors such as race, ethnicity, gender, or socio-economic status within various institutions or organizations. This form of segregation has historically been prevalent in many aspects of society, including education, housing, healthcare, and employment.

Education: Institutional segregation in education has been a significant issue, particularly in the United States. Historically, schools were segregated based on race, with Black students attending separate, inferior schools compared to white students. Even after racial segregation in schools was declared illegal, other forms of segregation, such as tracking or ability grouping, have persisted, leading to unequal educational opportunities for different groups of students.

Housing: Institutional segregation can also be seen in residential areas, with certain neighborhoods or communities being predominantly inhabited by specific racial or ethnic groups. This can be a result of discriminatory practices such as redlining, where certain areas were deemed risky for lending practices based on the racial composition of the community.

Healthcare: Institutional segregation in healthcare refers to the disparities experienced by different communities regarding access to quality healthcare services. This can include differences in healthcare facilities, availability of health insurance, and access to healthcare professionals.

Employment: Institutional segregation in employment refers to the separation of different groups of people into different job sectors or occupations. This can be a result of discriminatory hiring practices, biased promotion decisions, or unequal access to training and education.

Addressing institutional segregation requires deliberate efforts to dismantle systemic barriers and promote equal opportunities for all individuals, regardless of their race, ethnicity, gender, or socio-economic background. This can involve implementing policies that promote diversity and inclusion, providing equal funding and resources in education and healthcare, and addressing discriminatory practices in housing and employment. It also requires promoting awareness and understanding of the negative impacts of institutional segregation, and fostering dialogue and collaboration among diverse groups of people.
==See also== 
==Related segregation forms==
Institutional segregation is frequently discussed in the literature with the following segregation forms: 

[[residential segregation]], [[social segregation]], [[community segregation]], [[educational segregation]], [[racial segregation]], [[urban segregation]], [[school segregation]]
[[File:institutional_segregation.png|780x780px]]

This visualization is based on the study [[Segregation_Wiki:About| The Multidisciplinary Landscape of Segregation Research]]. 

For the complete network of interrelated segregation forms, please refer to: 

* [https://tinyurl.com/2235lkhw First year of publication] 

* [https://tinyurl.com/2d8wg5n3 Louvain clusters] 

* [https://tinyurl.com/223udk5r Betweenness centrality] 

* [https://tinyurl.com/244d8unz Disciplines in which segregation forms first emerged (Scopus database).] 
==References== 
==Notes== 
<references /> 
{{NoteAI}} 
==Institutional segregation appears in the following literature== 

Paton A. (1953). THE INSTITUTIONAL SEGREGATION OF VIOLENT AND HARDENED OFFENDERS IN SOUTH AFRICA. ''The Howard Journal of Criminal Justice'', ''8''(4), 236-239. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2311.1953.tb00937.x

Semyonov M., Tyree A. (1981). Community segregation and the costs of ethnic subordination. ''Social Forces'', ''59''(3), 649-666. https://doi.org/10.1093/sf/59.3.649

Husén T. (1987). Young Adults in Modern Society: Changing status and values. ''Oxford Review of Education'', ''13''(2), 165-176. https://doi.org/10.1080/0305498870130204

Macnicol J. (1989). Eugenics and the campaign for voluntary sterilization in Britain between the wars. ''Social History of Medicine'', ''2''(2), 147-169. https://doi.org/10.1093/shm/2.2.147

Kaplan D.H. (1992). Nationalism at a micro scale. Educational segregation in Montreal. ''Political Geography'', ''11''(3), 259-282. https://doi.org/10.1016/0962-6298(92)90029-S

KING D. (1993). ‘The longest road to equality’: The Politics of Institutional Desegregation Under Truman. ''Journal of Historical Sociology'', ''6''(2), 119-163. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6443.1993.tb00043.x

Deacon H. (1996). Racial segregation and medical discourse in nineteenth century Cape Town. ''Journal of Southern African Studies'', ''22''(2), 287-308. Carfax Publishing Company.https://doi.org/10.1080/03057079608708492

Kraus N. (2004). Local policymaking and concentrated poverty: The case of Buffalo, New York. ''Cities'', ''21''(6), 481-490. Elsevier Ltd.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cities.2004.08.004

Tanaka M. (2007). Fluid boundaries, institutional segregation and Buddhist sexual tolerance: A response (2). ''International Studies in Religion and Society'', ''5''(), 161-164. Brill Academic Publishers.https://doi.org/10.1163/ej.9789004161238.i-306.60

King U. (2007). Fluid boundaries, institutional segregation and Buddhist sexual tolerance: A response (I). ''International Studies in Religion and Society'', ''5''(), 147-160. Brill Academic Publishers.https://doi.org/

Satha-Anand S. (2007). Fluid boundaries, institutional segregation and sexual tolerance in Thai Buddhism. ''International Studies in Religion and Society'', ''5''(), 127-146. Brill Academic Publishers.https://doi.org/10.1163/ej.9789004161238.i-306.49

Prinsloo J. (2007). News constructs of customary identity versus democratic practice: The case of lindiwe dlamini and mswati iii of swaziland. ''Communicatio'', ''33''(1), 77-95. https://doi.org/10.1080/02500160701399001

Poulsen M.F. (2009). Segregation. ''International Encyclopedia of Human Geography'', 63-69. Elsevier Inc..https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-008044910-4.00826-9

Reupold A., Tippelt R. (2011). Germany's education system and the problem of dropouts: Institutional segregation and program diversification. ''School Dropout and Completion: International Comparative Studies in Theory and Policy'', 155-171. Springer Netherlands.https://doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-9763-7_8

Haarhoff E.J. (2011). Appropriating modernism: Apartheid and the South African Township. ''A/Z ITU Journal of the Faculty of Architecture'', ''8''(1), 184-195. Istanbul Teknik Universitesi, Faculty of Architecture.https://doi.org/

van Koppen B., Schreiner B., Fakir S. (2011). The Political, Social and Economic Context of Changing Water Policy in South Africa Post 1994. ''Global Issues in Water Policy'', ''2''(), 1-17. Springer.https://doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-9367-7_1

Brownlee K. (2013). A human right against social deprivation. ''Philosophical Quarterly'', ''63''(251), 199-222. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-9213.12018

Smith J.A., McPherson M., Smith-Lovin L. (2014). Social Distance in the United States: Sex, Race, Religion, Age, and Education Homophily among Confidants, 1985 to 2004. ''American Sociological Review'', ''79''(3), 432-456. American Sociological Association.https://doi.org/10.1177/0003122414531776

Rokem J. (2016). Beyond incommensurability: Jerusalem and Stockholm from an ordinary cities perspective. ''City'', ''20''(3), 472-482. Routledge.https://doi.org/10.1080/13604813.2016.1166698

Ernst W. (2018). Asylums in alien places: The treatment of the European insane in British India. ''Anatomy of Madness: Essays in the History of Psychiatry'', ''3''(), 48-70. Taylor and Francis.https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315017112-3

Dovemark M., Kosunen S., Kauko J., Magnúsdóttir B., Hansen P., Rasmussen P. (2018). Deregulation, privatisation and marketisation of Nordic comprehensive education: social changes reflected in schooling. ''Education Inquiry'', ''9''(1), 122-141. Routledge.https://doi.org/10.1080/20004508.2018.1429768

Chamberlain C.D. (2021). Challenging Custodialism: Families and Eugenic Institutionalization at the Pennsylvania Training School for Feeble Minded Children at Elwyn. ''Journal of Social History'', ''55''(2), 484-509. Oxford University Press.https://doi.org/10.1093/jsh/shab009

van Koppen B., Schreiner B., Mukuyu P. (2021). Redressing legal pluralism in South Africa’s water law. ''Journal of Legal Pluralism and Unofficial Law'', ''53''(3), 383-396. Taylor and Francis Ltd..https://doi.org/10.1080/07329113.2021.2016266

Hattery A.J. (2022). Feminist Lecture: (Re) Imagining Gender Based Violence as a Strategy for Enforcing Institutional Segregation and Reproducing Structural Inequalities. ''Gender and Society'', ''36''(6), 789-812. SAGE Publications Inc..https://doi.org/10.1177/08912432221128665

Tong Y., Nie T., Piotrowski M. (2022). Channeling Good Images but Not Substantive Blessings? Education and Social Contact on Pro Migrant Sentiments in an Internal Migration Setting. ''Social Forces'', ''101''(1), 440-472. Oxford University Press.https://doi.org/10.1093/sf/soab129

Flynn S. (2022). Literature on Professional Social Work and Controversies Surrounding Roman Catholicism in the Republic of Ireland: Adapting the Dynamic Model. ''Journal of Religion and Spirituality in Social Work'', ''41''(2), 143-165. Routledge.https://doi.org/10.1080/15426432.2021.1978124

Strello A., Strietholt R., Steinmann I. (2022). Does tracking increase segregation? International evidence on the effects of between school tracking on social segregation across schools. ''Research in Social Stratification and Mobility'', ''78''(), -. Emerald Group Holdings Ltd..https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rssm.2022.100689

Flynn S. (2022). Discourse and religious doctrine: Professional social work and the moral regulation of the body in Roman Catholic Ireland. ''Sexualities'', ''25''(3), 267-283. SAGE Publications Ltd.https://doi.org/10.1177/1363460720964029

Nevøy A., Bruin M. (2022). Revisiting Just Education for Students Last in Line   A Norwegian Perspective. ''Educational Governance Research'', ''18''(), 115-133. Springer Science and Business Media B.V..https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-08049-4_7