Editing Formal racial segregation

===== Date and country of first publication<ref>Date and country of first publication as informed by the Scopus database (December 2023).</ref>===== 
2016<br>
South Africa
===== Definition ===== 

Formal racial segregation refers to legally mandated and enforced separation of people based on their race or ethnicity. It involves the establishment of specific laws, policies, and practices that intentionally separate individuals belonging to different racial or ethnic groups. This form of segregation has been witnessed in various historical contexts, particularly in the United States, when racial discrimination was legally and socially accepted. Some examples of formal racial segregation include the Jim Crow laws in the southern states of the U.S., apartheid in South Africa, and the racial segregation policies during the colonial era. These policies aimed to restrict the rights and freedoms of individuals from marginalized racial or ethnic groups, promoting inequality and social division. However, formal racial segregation has been widely discredited and condemned by international human rights organizations as it violates the principles of equality, nondiscrimination, and fundamental human rights.
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==References== 
==Notes== 
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==Formal racial segregation appears in the following literature== 

Battersby-Lennard J. (2009). Apartheid/Post Apartheid. ''International Encyclopedia of Human Geography'', 167-173. Elsevier Inc..https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-008044910-4.00920-2

Wells J.C. (2016). The role of edu tourism in bridging racial divides in South Africa. ''Advances in Culture, Tourism and Hospitality Research'', ''12''(), 251-263. Emerald Group Publishing Ltd..https://doi.org/10.1108/S1871-317320160000012019

Bates S. (2017). Before the storm: Hurricane katrina, the BP oil spill, and the challenges to racial hierarchies in rural louisiana. ''Nature and Culture'', ''12''(1), 65-85. Berghahn Journals.https://doi.org/10.3167/nc.2017.120105

Battersby J. (2019). Apartheid/Postapartheid. ''International Encyclopedia of Human Geography, Second Edition'', 169-175. Elsevier.https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-08-102295-5.10159-3

Novak A. (2021). Rhodesia and FIFA: racial discrimination, political legitimacy and football, 1960 to 1980. ''Soccer and Society'', ''22''(3), 266-279. Routledge.https://doi.org/10.1080/14660970.2020.1814752