Editing Black segregation

===== Date and country of first publication<ref>Date and country of first publication as informed by the Scopus database (December 2023).</ref>===== 
1981<br>
United States
===== Definition ===== 

The term "black segregation" refers to the practice of segregating or separating African Americans from other racial groups, typically through laws, policies, and discriminatory practices. This segregation was common in the United States during the Jim Crow era, when laws were in place that enforced racial segregation in public spaces such as schools, restaurants, and public transportation. Black segregation contributed to the marginalization and inequality faced by African Americans, and it was not until the Civil Rights Movement of the 1960s that segregation was legally abolished. However, the effects of black segregation continue to impact communities to this day, as disparities in education, healthcare, and economic opportunities persist.
==See also== 
==Related segregation forms==
Black segregation is frequently discussed in the literature with the following segregation forms: 

[[residential segregation]], [[racial segregation]], [[social segregation]], [[black residential segregation]], [[racial residential segregation]], [[ethnic segregation]], [[hispanic segregation]], [[ethnic residential segregation]], [[income segregation]], [[mexican american segregation]], [[school segregation]], [[suburban school segregation]], [[suburban segregation]], [[urban segregation]], [[metropolitan residential segregation]], [[african american segregation]], [[white segregation]], [[asian segregation]], [[neighborhood racial segregation]], [[apartheid segregation]], [[socioeconomic segregation]], [[black immigrant segregation]], [[immigrant segregation]], [[class segregation]], [[local segregation]], [[metropolitan segregation]]
[[File:black_segregation.png|780x780px]]

This visualization is based on the study [[Segregation_Wiki:About| The Multidisciplinary Landscape of Segregation Research]]. 

For the complete network of interrelated segregation forms, please refer to: 

* [https://tinyurl.com/2235lkhw First year of publication] 

* [https://tinyurl.com/2d8wg5n3 Louvain clusters] 

* [https://tinyurl.com/223udk5r Betweenness centrality] 

* [https://tinyurl.com/244d8unz Disciplines in which segregation forms first emerged (Scopus database).] 
==References== 
==Notes== 
<references /> 
{{NoteAI}} 
==Black segregation appears in the following literature== 

Matre M., Mindiola T., Jr. (1981). Residential segregation in Southwestern metropolitan areas: 1970. ''Sociological Focus'', ''14''(1), 15-31. https://doi.org/10.1080/00380237.1981.10570379

Hallinan M.T. (1982). Classroom racial composition and children’s friendships. ''Social Forces'', ''61''(1), 56-72. https://doi.org/10.1093/sf/61.1.56

Stahura J.M. (1983). Determinants of Change in the Distribution of Blacks across Suburbs. ''Sociological Quarterly'', ''24''(3), 421-433. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1533-8525.1983.tb00711.x

Massey D.S., Denton N.A. (1987). Trends in the residential segregation of blacks, Hispanics, and Asians: 1970 1980. ''American Sociological Review'', ''52''(6), 802-825. https://doi.org/10.2307/2095836

Massey D.S., Denton N.A. (1988). Suburbanization and segregation in US metropolitan areas. ''American Journal of Sociology'', ''94''(3), 592-626. https://doi.org/10.1086/229031

Christopher A.J. (1989). Apartheid within apartheid: An assessment of official intra black segregation on the witwatersrand, south africa. ''Professional Geographer'', ''41''(3), 328-336. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0033-0124.1989.00328.x

Massey D.S., Denton N.A. (1989). Hypersegregation in U.S. Metropolitan Areas: Black and Hispanic Segregation Along Five Dimensions. ''Demography'', ''26''(3), 373-391. https://doi.org/10.2307/2061599

Frey W.H., Farley R. (1996). Latino, Asian, and black segregation in U.S. metropolitan areas: Are multiethnic metros different?. ''Demography'', ''33''(1), 35-50. Duke University Press.https://doi.org/10.2307/2061712

Zubrinsky C.L., Bobo L. (1996). Prismatic metropolis: Race and residential segregation in the city of the angels. ''Social Science Research'', ''25''(4), 335-374. Academic Press Inc..https://doi.org/10.1006/ssre.1996.0016

Shihadeh E.S., Maume M.O. (1997). Segregation and crime: The relationship between black centralization and urban black homicide. ''Homicide Studies'', ''1''(3), 254-280. https://doi.org/10.1177/1088767997001003004

Reardon S.F., Yun J.T. (2001). Suburban racial change and suburban school segregation, 1987 95. ''Sociology of Education'', ''74''(2), 79-101. American Sociological Association.https://doi.org/10.2307/2673164

Yarbrough R.A. (2003). Latino/White and Latino/Black segregation in the southeastern United States: Findings from census 2000. ''Southeastern Geographer'', ''43''(2), 235-248. University of Georgia.https://doi.org/10.1353/sgo.2003.0011

Wilkes R. (2003). The residential segregation of native americans in U.S. Metropolitan areas. ''Sociological Focus'', ''36''(2), 127-142. https://doi.org/10.1080/00380237.2003.10570720

Iceland J. (2004). Beyond Black and White Metropolitan residential segregation in multi ethnic America. ''Social Science Research'', ''33''(2), 248-271. Academic Press Inc..https://doi.org/10.1016/S0049-089X(03)00056-5

Kain J.F. (2004). A pioneer's perspective on the spatial mismatch literature. ''Urban Studies'', ''41''(1), 7-32. https://doi.org/10.1080/0042098032000155669

Small M.L., McDermott M. (2006). The presence of organizational resources in poor urban neighborhoods: An analysis of average and contextual effects. ''Social Forces'', ''84''(3), 1697-1724. https://doi.org/10.1353/sof.2006.0067

Johnston R., Poulsen M., Forrest J. (2006). Blacks and hispanics in urban America: Similar patterns of residential segregation?. ''Population, Space and Place'', ''12''(5), 389-406. https://doi.org/10.1002/psp.417

Rothwell J., Massey D.S. (2009). The effect of density zoning on racial segregation in U.S. urban areas. ''Urban Affairs Review'', ''44''(6), 779-806. https://doi.org/10.1177/1078087409334163

Dai D. (201). Black residential segregation, disparities in spatial access to health care facilities, and late stage breast cancer diagnosis in metropolitan Detroit. ''Health and Place'', ''16''(5), 1038-1052. Elsevier Ltd.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.healthplace.2010.06.012

Rugh J.S., Massey D.S. (201). Racial segregation and the American foreclosure crisis. ''American Sociological Review'', ''75''(5), 629-651. https://doi.org/10.1177/0003122410380868

Wallace D. (2011). Discriminatory mass de housing and low weight births: Scales of geography, time, and level. ''Journal of Urban Health'', ''88''(3), 454-468. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11524-011-9581-6

Iceland J., Mateos P., Sharp G. (2011). Ethnic residential segregation by nativity in great britain and the united states. ''Journal of Urban Affairs'', ''33''(4), 409-429. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9906.2011.00555.x

Rugh J.S., Massey D.S. (2013). Segregation in post civil rights America : Stalled integration or end of the segregated century?. ''Du Bois Review'', ''11''(2), 205-232. Cambridge University Press.https://doi.org/10.1017/S1742058X13000180

Iceland J., Sharp G., Timberlake J.M. (2013). Sun Belt Rising: Regional Population Change and the Decline in Black Residential Segregation, 1970 2009. ''Demography'', ''50''(1), 97-123. Duke University Press.https://doi.org/10.1007/s13524-012-0136-6

Iceland J., Sharp G., Timberlake J.M. (2013). Sun Belt Rising: Regional Population Change and the Decline in Black Residential Segregation, 1970 2009. ''Demography'', ''50''(1), 97-123. Duke University Press.https://doi.org/10.1007/s13524-012-0136-6

Hall M., Stringfield J. (2014). Undocumented migration and the residential segregation of Mexicans in new destinations. ''Social Science Research'', ''47''(), 61-78. Academic Press Inc..https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssresearch.2014.03.009

Lichter D.T., Parisi D., Taquino M.C. (2015). Spatial Assimilation in U.S. Cities and Communities? Emerging Patterns of Hispanic Segregation from Blacks and Whites. ''Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science'', ''660''(1), 36-56. SAGE Publications Inc..https://doi.org/10.1177/0002716215572995

Fiel J. (2015). Closing ranks: Closure, status competition, and school segregation. ''American Journal of Sociology'', ''121''(1), 126-170. University of Chicago Press.https://doi.org/10.1086/682027

Rugh J.S., Albright L., Massey D.S. (2015). Race, space, and cumulative disadvantage: A case study of the subprime lending collapse. ''Social Problems'', ''62''(2), 186-218. Oxford University Press.https://doi.org/10.1093/socpro/spv002

Massey D.S. (2015). The Legacy of the 1968 Fair Housing Act. ''Sociological Forum'', ''30''(S1), 571-588. https://doi.org/10.1111/socf.12178

Ragusett J.M. (2016). Black Residential Segregation in the Era of Urban Sprawl. ''Review of Black Political Economy'', ''43''(3-4), 253-272. Springer Science and Business Media, LLC.https://doi.org/10.1007/s12114-015-9220-7

Brazil N. (2016). Large Scale Urban Riots and Residential Segregation: A Case Study of the 1960s U.S. Riots. ''Demography'', ''53''(2), 567-595. Springer Science and Business Media, LLC.https://doi.org/10.1007/s13524-016-0459-9

Latner J.P. (2017). Rethinking the Role of Racial Segregation in the American Foreclosure Crisis. ''City and Community'', ''16''(4), 447-485. Blackwell Publishing Ltd.https://doi.org/10.1111/cico.12253

Shin E.J. (2017). Ethnic neighborhoods, social networks, and inter household carpooling: A comparison across ethnic minority groups. ''Journal of Transport Geography'', ''59''(), 14-26. Elsevier Ltd.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtrangeo.2017.01.002

Iceland J., Hernandez E. (2017). Understanding trends in concentrated poverty: 1980 2014. ''Social Science Research'', ''62''(), 75-95. Academic Press Inc..https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssresearch.2016.09.001

Arcaya M.C., Schwartz G., Subramanian S.V. (2018). A multi level modeling approach to understanding residential segregation in the United States. ''Environment and Planning B: Urban Analytics and City Science'', ''45''(6), 1090-1105. SAGE Publications Ltd.https://doi.org/10.1177/2399808318760858

Massey D.S., Denton N.A. (2018). American Apartheid: Segregation and the Making of the Underclass. ''Inequality in the 21st Century: A Reader'', 142-150. Taylor and Francis.https://doi.org/10.4324/9780429499821-27

Massey D.S., Tannen J. (2018). Suburbanization and segregation in the United States: 1970 2010. ''Ethnic and Racial Studies'', ''41''(9), 1594-1611. Routledge.https://doi.org/10.1080/01419870.2017.1312010

Anderson K.F. (2018). Racial/ethnic residential segregation, the distribution of physician's offices and access to health care: The Case of Houston, Texas. ''Social Sciences'', ''7''(8), -. MDPI AG.https://doi.org/10.3390/socsci7080119

Tesfai R. (2019). Double Minority Status and Neighborhoods: Examining the Primacy of Race in Black Immigrants’ Racial and Socioeconomic Segregation. ''City and Community'', ''18''(2), 509-528. Blackwell Publishing Ltd.https://doi.org/10.1111/cico.12384

Dunbar E. (202). Loving gorillas: Segregation literature, animality, and black liberation. ''American Literature'', ''92''(1), 123-149. Duke University Press.https://doi.org/10.1215/00029831-8056609

Massey D.S. (202). Still the Linchpin: Segregation and Stratification in the USA. ''Race and Social Problems'', ''12''(1), 1-12. Springer.https://doi.org/10.1007/s12552-019-09280-1

Ekenga C.C., Tian R. (2022). Promoting Food Equity in the Context of Residential Segregation. ''Environmental Justice'', ''15''(6), 346-351. Mary Ann Liebert Inc..https://doi.org/10.1089/env.2021.0029

Haupert T. (2022). New Technology, Old Patterns: Fintech Lending, Metropolitan Segregation, and Subprime Credit. ''Race and Social Problems'', ''14''(4), 293-307. Springer.https://doi.org/10.1007/s12552-021-09353-0

Planey A.M., Grady S.C., Fetaw R., McLafferty S.L. (2022). Spaces of Segregation and Health: Complex Associations for Black Immigrant and US Born Mothers in New York City. ''Journal of Urban Health'', ''99''(3), 469-481. Springer.https://doi.org/10.1007/s11524-022-00634-6

Crowell A., Fossett M. (2022). Metropolitan racial residential segregation in the United States: A microlevel and cross context analysis of Black, Latino, and Asian segregation. ''Demographic Research'', ''46''(), 217-260. Max Planck Institute for Demographic Research.https://doi.org/10.4054/DEMRES.2022.46.8