Editing Apartheid segregation

===== Date and country of first publication<ref>Date and country of first publication as informed by the Scopus database (December 2023).</ref>===== 
2006<br>
South Africa
===== Definition ===== 

Apartheid segregation refers to the system of racial segregation that was enforced in South Africa from 1948 to 1994. Under apartheid, the South African government implemented a policy of racial separation and discrimination, with strict laws that classified individuals into different racial groups and dictated where they could live, work, and socialize.

In this system, the white minority government sought to maintain political and economic power by enforcing racial segregation and privileging white citizens over non-white citizens. The apartheid laws divided South Africans into four main racial groups: White, Black, Colored, and Indian/Asian. These groups were intended to be kept separate and were assigned different rights and privileges under the apartheid laws.

Key aspects of apartheid segregation included the forced removals of non-white communities from their homes, the establishment of separate residential areas (townships) for different racial groups, the restriction of non-white citizens' freedom of movement through pass laws, and the complete disenfranchisement of non-white citizens from political representation.

Apartheid segregation also extended to education, healthcare, and employment, with non-white individuals receiving inferior services and limited opportunities compared to their white counterparts. Interracial relationships and marriages were also banned under apartheid laws.

Apartheid segregation sparked significant domestic and international opposition, leading to protests, boycotts, and international sanctions against the South African government. The apartheid system ultimately ended in 1994 with the election of Nelson Mandela and the establishment of a democratic government, marking a significant moment in the country's history towards racial equality and reconciliation.
===== Synonyms ===== 
The following terms are synonymous with apartheid segregation:

apartheid era segregation; apartheid racial segregation; apartheid's racial segregation.

References and literature addressing this segregation form under these synonymous terms can be found below.
==See also== 
==Related segregation forms==
Apartheid segregation is frequently discussed in the literature with the following segregation forms: 

[[racial segregation]], [[residential segregation]], [[legally enforced segregation]], [[socioeconomic segregation]]
[[File:apartheid_segregation.png|780x780px]]

This visualization is based on the study [[Segregation_Wiki:About| The Multidisciplinary Landscape of Segregation Research]]. 

For the complete network of interrelated segregation forms, please refer to: 

* [https://tinyurl.com/2235lkhw First year of publication] 

* [https://tinyurl.com/2d8wg5n3 Louvain clusters] 

* [https://tinyurl.com/223udk5r Betweenness centrality] 

* [https://tinyurl.com/244d8unz Disciplines in which segregation forms first emerged (Scopus database).] 
==References== 
==Notes== 
<references /> 
{{NoteAI}} 
==Apartheid segregation appears in the following literature== 

Donaldson R., Kotze N. (2006). Residential desegregation dynamics in the South African city of Polokwane (Pietersburg). ''Tijdschrift voor Economische en Sociale Geografie'', ''97''(5), 567-582. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9663.2006.00364.x

Lemon A. (2011). Residential Segregation: Apartheid. ''International Encyclopedia of Housing and Home'', 111-120. Elsevier.https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-08-047163-1.00088-6

Hardev J.S., Mani M. (2013). The reconciliation process in post apartheid South Africa through Zakes Mda's Madonna of excelsior. ''Pertanika Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities'', ''21''(November), 159-172. Universiti Putra Malaysia.https://doi.org/

Ratele K. (2013). Subordinate Black South African men without fear. ''Cahiers d'Etudes Africaines'', ''53''(1-2), 247-268. Editions de l'Ecole des Hautes Etudes en Sciences Sociales.https://doi.org/10.4000/etudesafricaines.17320

Moloi K.C., Motaung R.R. (2014). Challenges of total quality in education through quality assurance principles in one institution of higher education in South Africa. ''Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences'', ''5''(1), 137-145. https://doi.org/10.5901/mjss.2014.v5n1p137

West-Pavlov R. (2014). Inside Out   The New Literary Geographies of the Post Apartheid City in Mpe's and Vladislavić's Johannesburg Writing. ''Journal of Southern African Studies'', ''40''(1), 7-19. Routledge.https://doi.org/10.1080/03057070.2014.877655

Grootboom N.P. (2014). Teacher attitudes and beliefs in language of instruction in a desegregated school environment in South Africa. ''Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences'', ''5''(23), 1064-1073. Mediterranean Center of Social and Educational Research.https://doi.org/10.5901/mjss.2014.v5n23p1064

Sides K.B. (2016). Ecologies of relation: post slavery, post apartheid, and rethinking race across the Atlantic in Zakes Mda’s Cion. ''Safundi'', ''17''(1), 3-19. Routledge.https://doi.org/10.1080/17533171.2015.1130771

Malila V. (2016). Voting void? Young South Africans, elections and the media. ''Communicatio'', ''42''(2), 170-190. Routledge.https://doi.org/10.1080/02500167.2016.1167750

Liotard P. (2016). From Apartheid to segregation in sports: The transgressive body of Caster Mokgadi Semenya. ''Gender Testing in Sport: Ethics, Cases and Controversies'', 13-26. Taylor and Francis Inc..https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315723150

Amodio F., Chiovelli G. (2018). Ethnicity and violence during democratic transitions: Evidence From South Africa. ''Journal of the European Economic Association'', ''16''(4), 1234-1280. Oxford University Press.https://doi.org/10.1093/JEEA/JVX034

Massey D.S., Denton N.A. (2018). American apartheid: Segregation and the making of the underclass. ''Inequality: Classic Readings in Race, Class, and Gender'', 103-118. Taylor and Francis.https://doi.org/

Massey D.S., Denton N.A. (2018). American Apartheid: Segregation and the Making of the Underclass. ''Inequality in the 21st Century: A Reader'', 142-150. Taylor and Francis.https://doi.org/10.4324/9780429499821-27

Massey D.S., Denton N.A. (2018). American Apartheid: Segregation and the Making of the Underclass. ''Social Stratification: Class, Race, and Gender in Sociological Perspective'', 376-385. Taylor and Francis.https://doi.org/10.4324/9780429494642-49

Davids M.N. (2018). Re imagining cosmopolitanism in post apartheid South Africa: Reviving historical "cosmubuntuism" in forced removal spaces for a democratic future. ''International Journal of Community Diversity'', ''18''(1), 23-36. Common Ground Research Networks.https://doi.org/10.18848/2327-0004/CGP/v18i01/23-36

Sayed Y., Motala S., Carel D., Ahmed R. (202). School governance and funding policy in south africa: Towards social justice and equity in education policy. ''South African Journal of Education'', ''40''(4), 1-12. South African Journal Of Education.https://doi.org/10.15700/saje.v40n4a2045

Botha M., Watermeyer B. (2021). 'This place is not for children like her': Disability, ambiguous belonging and the claiming of disadvantage in postapartheid South Africa. ''Medical Humanities'', ''47''(1), 4-10. BMJ Publishing Group.https://doi.org/10.1136/medhum-2018-011560

Ballard R., Hamann C. (2021). Income Inequality and Socio economic Segregation in the City of Johannesburg. ''Urban Book Series'', 91-109. Springer Science and Business Media Deutschland GmbH.https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-64569-4_5

Moses E. (2022). Long and short distance internal migration motivations in post apartheid Namibia: a gravity model approach. ''Journal for Studies in Economics and Econometrics'', ''46''(1), 23-42. Routledge.https://doi.org/10.1080/03796205.2022.2074873