Editing De facto segregation

===== Date and country of first publication<ref>Date and country of first publication as informed by the Scopus database (December 2023).</ref>===== 
1963<br>
United States
===== Definition ===== 

De facto segregation refers to a situation where segregation occurs in practice, even though there may not be any official laws or policies enforcing it. This type of segregation is often a result of socioeconomic factors, residential patterns, and cultural preferences, rather than explicit legal mandates.

De facto segregation commonly occurred in the United States during the 20th century, particularly in the South, even after the legal end of racial segregation following the Supreme Court's ruling in Brown v. Board of Education in 1954. Despite the ruling, many communities and institutions, such as schools, housing, and public facilities, remained segregated due to various forms of discrimination, including restrictive covenants, white flight, and discriminatory lending practices.

De facto segregation is considered more difficult to address compared to de jure segregation (segregation by law), as it does not involve overtly discriminatory policies that can be easily challenged in court. Efforts to address de facto segregation often involve initiatives to combat systemic racism, promote diversity, and create inclusive policies and programs.
==See also== 
==Related segregation forms==
De facto segregation is frequently discussed in the literature with the following segregation forms: 

[[school segregation]], [[racial segregation]], [[residential segregation]], [[social segregation]], [[de jure segregation]], [[urban residential segregation]], [[mandated segregation]], [[state sanctioned segregation]], [[american school segregation]], [[informal segregation]]
[[File:de_facto_segregation.png|780x780px]]

This visualization is based on the study [[Segregation_Wiki:About| The Multidisciplinary Landscape of Segregation Research]]. 

For the complete network of interrelated segregation forms, please refer to: 

* [https://tinyurl.com/2235lkhw First year of publication] 

* [https://tinyurl.com/2d8wg5n3 Louvain clusters] 

* [https://tinyurl.com/223udk5r Betweenness centrality] 

* [https://tinyurl.com/244d8unz Disciplines in which segregation forms first emerged (Scopus database).] 
==References== 
==Notes== 
<references /> 
{{NoteAI}} 
==De facto segregation appears in the following literature== 

Pettigrew T.F. (1963). De Facto Segregation, Southern Style. ''Equity and Excellence in Education'', ''1''(5), 15-18. https://doi.org/10.1080/0020486630010504

Golightly C.L. (1963). De Facto Segregation in Milwaukee Schools. ''Equity and Excellence in Education'', ''1''(6), 27-31. https://doi.org/10.1080/0020486630010604

Glazer N. (1964). School Integration Policies in Northern Cities. ''Journal of the American Planning Association'', ''30''(3), 178-189. https://doi.org/10.1080/01944366408978118

Cooper C.R. (197). Four Key Issues in the 1969 70 School Integration Crisis. ''NASSP Bulletin'', ''54''(349), 40-57. https://doi.org/10.1177/019263657005434904

Louis Heath G. (197). De facto segregation in a california city. ''Equity and Excellence in Education'', ''8''(1), 3-11. https://doi.org/10.1080/0020486700080101

Hill R., Feeley M. (1971). Affirmative school integration: Efforts to Overcome De Facto Segregation in Urban Schools. ''Education and Urban Society'', ''4''(1), 60-. https://doi.org/10.1177/001312457100400105

Maxfield D.W. (1972). Spatial planning of school districts. ''Annals of the Association of American Geographers'', ''62''(4), 582-590. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8306.1972.tb00887.x

Herbst R.L. (1973). The Legal Struggle to Integrate Schools in the North. ''The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science'', ''407''(1), 43-62. https://doi.org/10.1177/000271627340700105

Caditz J. (1975). Ambivalence Toward Integration: the Sequence of Response to Six Interracial Situations. ''Sociological Quarterly'', ''16''(1), 16-32. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1533-8525.1975.tb02136.x

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