Editing Black white segregation

===== Date and country of first publication<ref>Date and country of first publication as informed by the Scopus database (December 2023).</ref>===== 
1979<br>
United States
===== Definition ===== 

Segregation based on race, specifically between black and white individuals, has been a longstanding issue in many societies. This segregation can manifest in various forms, such as housing patterns, access to educational opportunities, employment discrimination, and social segregation.

Historically, black-white segregation was enforced through laws and policies that upheld racial discrimination, such as Jim Crow laws in the United States. This led to a clear division between black and white communities, with black individuals often facing systemic barriers that limited their access to resources and opportunities.

Although many of these explicit forms of segregation have been officially abolished, there are still lingering effects that continue to perpetuate black-white segregation. This can be seen in the persistent racial wealth gap, disparities in educational outcomes, and unequal access to healthcare and housing.

Efforts to address black-white segregation require a comprehensive approach that addresses both the structural inequalities that perpetuate segregation and the individual biases that contribute to racial division. This includes implementing policies that promote integration, tackling systemic racism, and fostering meaningful dialogue and understanding between different racial groups.
===== Synonyms ===== 
The following terms are synonymous with black white segregation:

white black segregation.

References and literature addressing this segregation form under these synonymous terms can be found below.
==See also== 
==Related segregation forms==
Black white segregation is frequently discussed in the literature with the following segregation forms: 

[[residential segregation]], [[racial segregation]], [[racial residential segregation]], [[school segregation]], [[social segregation]], [[white residential segregation]], [[ethnic segregation]], [[hispanic white segregation]], [[ethnoracial segregation]], [[spatial segregation]], [[metropolitan segregation]], [[spanish white segregation]], [[american residential segregation]], [[housing segregation]], [[white segregation]], [[macro segregation]], [[micro segregation]], [[metropolitan area segregation]], [[asian white segregation]], [[black residential segregation]], [[black segregation]], [[class segregation]], [[negro residential segregation]]
[[File:black_white_segregation.png|780x780px]]

This visualization is based on the study [[Segregation_Wiki:About| The Multidisciplinary Landscape of Segregation Research]]. 

For the complete network of interrelated segregation forms, please refer to: 

* [https://tinyurl.com/2235lkhw First year of publication] 

* [https://tinyurl.com/2d8wg5n3 Louvain clusters] 

* [https://tinyurl.com/223udk5r Betweenness centrality] 

* [https://tinyurl.com/244d8unz Disciplines in which segregation forms first emerged (Scopus database).] 
==References== 
==Notes== 
<references /> 
{{NoteAI}} 
==Black white segregation appears in the following literature== 

Massey D.S. (1979). Residential segregation of Spanish Americans in united states Urbanized Areas. ''Demography'', ''16''(4), 553-563. https://doi.org/10.2307/2060935

Lieberson S., Carter D.K. (1982). A Model for Inferring the Voluntary and involuntary causes of residential segregation. ''Demography'', ''19''(4), 511-526. https://doi.org/10.2307/2061016

Massey D.S. (1983). A research note on residential succession: The hispanic case. ''Social Forces'', ''61''(3), 825-833. https://doi.org/10.1093/sf/61.3.825

Darden J.T. (1984). THE RESIDENTIAL SEGREGATION OF AMERICAN INDIANS IN METROPOLITAN AREAS OF MICHIGAN. ''Journal of Urban Affairs'', ''6''(1), 29-52. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9906.1984.tb00437.x

Farley J.E. (1986). Segregated city, segregated suburbs: To what extent are they products of black white socioeconomic differentials?. ''Urban Geography'', ''7''(2), 164-171. https://doi.org/10.2747/0272-3638.7.2.164

Bickford A., Massey D.S. (1991). Segregation in the second ghetto: Racial and ethnic segregation in american public housing, 1977. ''Social Forces'', ''69''(4), 1011-1036. https://doi.org/10.1093/sf/69.4.1011

Peterson R.D., Krivo L.J. (1993). Racial segregation and black urban homicide. ''Social Forces'', ''71''(4), 1001-1026. https://doi.org/10.1093/sf/71.4.1001

Krivo L.J., Kaufman R.L. (1999). How low can it go? Declining black white segregation in a multiethnic context. ''Demography'', ''36''(1), 93-109. Duke University Press.https://doi.org/10.2307/2648136

St. John C., Clymer R. (2). Racial residential segregation by level of socioeconomic status. ''Social Science Quarterly'', ''81''(3), 701-715. Blackwell Publishing Inc..https://doi.org/

Krysan M., Farley R. (2002). The residential preferences of blacks: Do they explain persistent segregation?. ''Social Forces'', ''80''(3), 937-980. https://doi.org/10.1353/sof.2002.0011

Dawkins C.J. (2004). Recent evidence on the continuing causes of black white residential segregation. ''Journal of Urban Affairs'', ''26''(3), 379-400. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0735-2166.2004.00205.x

Logan J.R., Stults B.J., Farley R. (2004). Segration of minorities in the metropolis: Two decades of change. ''Demography'', ''41''(1), 1-22. Duke University Press.https://doi.org/

Rosenbaum E., Argeros G. (2005). Holding the line: Housing turnover and the persistence of racial/ethnic segregation in New York City. ''Journal of Urban Affairs'', ''27''(3), 261-281. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0735-2166.2005.00236.x

Dawkins C. (2006). The spatial pattern of black white segregation in US metropolitan areas: An exploratory analysis. ''Urban Studies'', ''43''(11), 1943-1969. https://doi.org/10.1080/00420980600897792

Wahl A.-M.G., Gunkel S.E. (2007). From old south to new south? Black white residential segregation in micropolitan areas. ''Sociological Spectrum'', ''27''(5), 507-535. https://doi.org/10.1080/02732170701434674

Galster G., Cutsinger J. (2007). Racial settlement and metropolitan land use patterns: Does sprawl abet black white segregation?. ''Urban Geography'', ''28''(6), 516-553. https://doi.org/10.2747/0272-3638.28.6.516

Fairchild G.B. (2008). Spatial assimilation and self employement: The case of black Americans. ''Journal of Developmental Entrepreneurship'', ''13''(3), 269-291. https://doi.org/10.1142/S1084946708000971

Scopilliti M., Iceland J. (2008). Residential patterns of black immigrants and native born blacks in the United States. ''Social Science Quarterly'', ''89''(3), 551-572. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6237.2008.00547.x

Friedman S. (2008). Do declines in residential segregation mean stable neighborhood racial integration in metropolitan America? A research note. ''Social Science Research'', ''37''(3), 920-933. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssresearch.2007.06.010

Reardon S.F., Farrell C.R., Matthews S.A., O'Sullivan D., Bischoff K., Firebaugh G. (2009). Race and space in the 1990s: Changes in the geographic scale of racial residential segregation, 1990 2000. ''Social Science Research'', ''38''(1), 55-70. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssresearch.2008.10.002

White M.J., Glick J.E. (2011). Achieving anew: How new immigrants do in American schools, jobs, and neighborhoods. ''Achieving Anew: How New Immigrants do in American Schools, Jobs, and Neighborhoods'', 1-226. Russell Sage Foundation.https://doi.org/

Gorard S., Cheng S.C. (2011). Pupil clustering in english secondary schools: One pattern or several?. ''International Journal of Research and Method in Education'', ''34''(3), 327-339. https://doi.org/10.1080/1743727X.2011.609548

Lewis J.H., Hamilton D.K. (2011). Race and regionalism: The structure of local government and racial disparity. ''Urban Affairs Review'', ''47''(3), 349-384. https://doi.org/10.1177/1078087410391751

Slater T., Anderson N. (2012). The reputational ghetto: Territorial stigmatisation in St Paul's, Bristol. ''Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers'', ''37''(4), 530-546. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-5661.2011.00490.x

Anderson K.F., Fullerton A.S. (2012). Racial residential segregation and access to health care coverage: A multilevel analysis. ''Research in the Sociology of Health Care'', ''30''(), 133-158. Emerald Group Publishing Ltd..https://doi.org/10.1108/S0275-4959(2012)0000030009

Sharp G., Iceland J. (2013). The residential segregation patterns of whites by socioeconomic status, 2000 2011. ''Social Science Research'', ''42''(4), 1046-1060. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssresearch.2013.03.007

Iceland J., Sharp G., Timberlake J.M. (2013). Sun Belt Rising: Regional Population Change and the Decline in Black Residential Segregation, 1970 2009. ''Demography'', ''50''(1), 97-123. Duke University Press.https://doi.org/10.1007/s13524-012-0136-6

Hyra D.S., Squires G.D., Renner R.N., Kirk D.S. (2013). Metropolitan Segregation and the Subprime Lending Crisis. ''Housing Policy Debate'', ''23''(1), 177-198. https://doi.org/10.1080/10511482.2012.697912

Logan J.R. (2014). Diversity and disparities: America enters a new century. ''Diversity and Disparities: America Enters A New Century'', 1-472. Russell Sage Foundation.https://doi.org/

Quillian L. (2014). Does segregation create winners and losers? Residential segregation and inequality in educational attainment. ''Social Problems'', ''61''(3), 402-426. University of California Press.https://doi.org/10.1525/sp.2014.12193

Hwang J., Hankinson M., Kreg Brown S. (2015). Racial and spatial targeting: Segregation and subprime lending within and across metropolitan areas. ''Social Forces'', ''93''(3), 1081-1108. Oxford University Press.https://doi.org/10.1093/sf/sou099

Boyd R.L. (2015). The “Dream of Black Metropolis” in the Early Twentieth Century United States: Racial Segregation, Regional Location, and Black Population Size. ''Sociological Spectrum'', ''35''(3), 271-285. Bellwether Publishing, Ltd..https://doi.org/10.1080/02732173.2015.1021063

Davis T., Bhatt R., Schwarz K. (2015). School segregation in the era of accountability. ''Social Currents'', ''2''(3), 239-259. SAGE Publications Inc..https://doi.org/10.1177/2329496515589852

Parisi D., Lichter D.T., Taquino M.C. (2015). The buffering hypothesis: Growing diversity and declining black white segregation in America's cities, suburbs, and small towns?. ''Sociological Science'', ''2''(), 125-157. Society for Sociological Science.https://doi.org/10.15195/v2.a8

Logan J.R., Bellman B. (2016). Before The philadelphia negro: Residential segregation in a Nineteenth Century Northern City. ''Social Science History'', ''40''(4), 683-706. Cambridge University Press.https://doi.org/10.1017/ssh.2016.27

Zhang W., Logan J.R. (2016). Global Neighborhoods: Beyond the Multiethnic Metropolis. ''Demography'', ''53''(6), 1933-1953. Springer Science and Business Media, LLC.https://doi.org/10.1007/s13524-016-0516-4

Do D.P., Frank R., Iceland J. (2017). Black white metropolitan segregation and self rated health: Investigating the role of neighborhood poverty. ''Social Science and Medicine'', ''187''(), 85-92. Elsevier Ltd.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2017.06.010

Fossett M. (2017). Further Comments on Differences Between Displacement and Separation. ''Springer Series on Demographic Methods and Population Analysis'', ''42''(), 117-138. Springer Science and Business Media B.V..https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-41304-4_8

Browning C.R., Calder C.A., Krivo L.J., Smith A.L., Boettner B. (2017). Socioeconomic segregation of activity spaces in urban neighborhoods: Does shared residence mean shared routines?. ''RSF'', ''3''(2), 210-231. Russell Sage Foundation.https://doi.org/10.7758/rsf.2017.3.2.09

Anacker K., Niedt C., Kwon C. (2017). Analyzing segregation in mature and developing suburbs in the United States. ''Journal of Urban Affairs'', ''39''(6), 819-832. Taylor and Francis Ltd..https://doi.org/10.1080/07352166.2017.1305730

Logan J.R., Zhang W., Oakley D. (2017). Court orders, white flight, and school district segregation, 1970 2010. ''Social Forces'', ''95''(3), 1049-1075. Oxford University Press.https://doi.org/10.1093/sf/sow104

Wagmiller R.L., Jr., Gage-Bouchard E., Karraker A. (2017). Does Black Socioeconomic Mobility Explain Recent Progress Toward Black White Residential Integration?. ''Demography'', ''54''(4), 1251-1275. Springer Science and Business Media, LLC.https://doi.org/10.1007/s13524-017-0593-z

Williams A.D., Wallace M., Nobles C., Mendola P. (2018). Racial residential segregation and racial disparities in stillbirth in the United States. ''Health and Place'', ''51''(), 208-216. Elsevier Ltd.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.healthplace.2018.04.005

Fiel J.E., Zhang Y. (2018). Three Dimensions of Change in School Segregation: A Grade Period Cohort Analysis. ''Demography'', ''55''(1), 33-58. Springer Science and Business Media, LLC.https://doi.org/10.1007/s13524-017-0632-9

Hess C., Gabriel R., Leibbrand C., Crowder K. (2019). Does Hypersegregation Matter for Black White Socioeconomic Disparities?. ''Demography'', ''56''(6), 2169-2191. Springer.https://doi.org/10.1007/s13524-019-00825-y

Light M.T., Thomas J.T. (2019). Segregation and Violence Reconsidered: Do Whites Benefit from Residential Segregation?. ''American Sociological Review'', ''84''(4), 690-725. SAGE Publications Ltd.https://doi.org/10.1177/0003122419858731

Mehra R., Keene D.E., Kershaw T.S., Ickovics J.R., Warren J.L. (2019). Racial and ethnic disparities in adverse birth outcomes: Differences by racial residential segregation. ''SSM - Population Health'', ''8''(), -. Elsevier Ltd.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssmph.2019.100417

Hall M., Iceland J., Yi Y. (2019). Racial Separation at Home and Work: Segregation in Residential and Workplace Settings. ''Population Research and Policy Review'', ''38''(5), 671-694. Springer Netherlands.https://doi.org/10.1007/s11113-019-09510-9

Richards M.P. (202). The racial/ethnic and socioeconomic dynamics of public school district secession, 1995 2015. ''Teachers College Record'', ''122''(5), 1-20. Teachers College, Columbia University.https://doi.org/

Blatt L., Votruba-Drzal E. (2021). District Level School Choice and Racial/Ethnic Test Score Gaps. ''American Educational Research Journal'', ''58''(6), 1178-1224. SAGE Publications Inc..https://doi.org/10.3102/0002831221999405

Clotfelter C.T., Ladd H.F., Clifton C.R., Turaeva M.R. (2021). School Segregation at the Classroom Level in a Southern ‘New Destination’ State. ''Race and Social Problems'', ''13''(2), 131-160. Springer.https://doi.org/10.1007/s12552-020-09309-w

Kitchens K. (2021). Dividing Lines: The Role School District Boundaries Play in Spending Inequality for Public Education. ''Social Science Quarterly'', ''102''(1), 468-491. Blackwell Publishing Ltd.https://doi.org/10.1111/ssqu.12886

Kitchens K.E. (2021). Exit or invest: Segregation increases investment in public schools. ''Journal of Politics'', ''83''(1), 71-86. University of Chicago Press.https://doi.org/10.1086/708916

Fiel J.E. (2022). Opportunity Seeking Across Segregated Schools: Unintended Effects of Automatic Admission Policies on High School Segregation. ''Educational Evaluation and Policy Analysis'', ''44''(3), 485-504. SAGE Publications Inc..https://doi.org/10.3102/01623737221078286

Smith R.M., Blizard Z.D. (2022). Does Municipal Incorporation Influence Levels of Black White Segregation? Evidence from Counties in the Southern United States, 1990 2010. ''Southeastern Geographer'', ''62''(3), 253-270. University of North Carolina Press.https://doi.org/10.1353/sgo.2022.0028